Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. |
| 1. | What did Griffith observe when he injected into mice a mixture of heat-killed disease-causing bacteria and live harmless bacteria? a. | The disease-causing bacteria changed into harmless bacteria. | b. | The mice developed pneumonia. | c. | The harmless bacteria died. | d. | The mice were unaffected. |
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| 2. | Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA? a. | ribose + phosphate group + thymine | b. | ribose + phosphate group + uracil | c. | deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil | d. | deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine |
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| 3. | DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, a. | each with two new strands. | b. | one with two new strands and the other with two original strands. | c. | each with one new strand and one original strand. | d. | each with two original strands. |
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| 4. | During mitosis, the a. | DNA molecules unwind. | b. | histones and DNA molecules separate. | c. | DNA molecules become more tightly coiled. | d. | nucleosomes become less tightly packed. |
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| 5. | Unlike DNA, RNA contains a. | adenine. | c. | phosphate groups. | b. | uracil. | d. | thymine. |
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| 6. | Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? a. | transfer RNA only | b. | messenger RNA only | c. | ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA only | d. | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
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| 7. | During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed a. | that is complementary to both strands of DNA. | b. | that is complementary to neither strand of DNA. | c. | that is double-stranded. | d. | inside the nucleus. |
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| 8. | How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? |
| 9. | Which of the following terms is LEAST closely related to the others? a. | intron | c. | polypeptide | b. | tRNA | d. | anticodon |
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| 10. | Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? a. | rRNA | c. | mRNA | b. | tRNA | d. | RNA polymerase |
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| 11. | Which of the following is NOT a gene mutation? a. | inversion | c. | deletion | b. | insertion | d. | substitution |
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| 12. | Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. | Mutations do not occur in hox genes. | b. | Hox genes that are found in different animals are very different from each other. | c. | Hox genes control the normal development of an animal. | d. | Hox genes occur in clusters. |
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| 13. | Avery’s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. | RNA. | c. | proteins. | b. | DNA. | d. | carbohydrates. |
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| 14. | Figure 12-5 shows the structure of a(an) 
Figure 12–5 a. | DNA molecule. | c. | RNA molecule. | b. | amino acid. | d. | protein. |
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| 15. | DNA is copied during a process called a. | replication. | c. | transcription. | b. | translation. | d. | transformation. |
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| 16. | In eukaryotes, DNA a. | is located in the nucleus. | c. | is located in the ribosomes. | b. | floats freely in the cytoplasm. | d. | is circular. |
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| 17. | RNA contains the sugar a. | ribose. | c. | glucose. | b. | deoxyribose. | d. | lactose. |
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| 18. | Which RNA molecule carries amino acids? a. | messenger RNA | c. | ribosomal RNA | b. | transfer RNA | d. | RNA polymerase |
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| 19. | What is produced during transcription? a. | RNA molecules | c. | RNA polymerase | b. | DNA molecules | d. | proteins |
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| 20. | What does Figure 12-6 show? 
Figure 12-6 a. | anticodons | b. | the order in which amino acids are linked | c. | the code for splicing mRNA | d. | the genetic code |
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| 21. | What happens during the process of translation? a. | Messenger RNA is made from DNA. | b. | The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. | c. | Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA. | d. | Copies of DNA molecules are made. |
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| 22. | Genes contain instructions for assembling a. | purines. | c. | proteins. | b. | nucleosomes. | d. | pyrimidines. |
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| 23. | A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a(an) a. | chromosomal mutation. | c. | point mutation. | b. | inversion. | d. | translocation. |
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Completion Complete each statement. |
| 24. | The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is a(an) ____________________. 
Figure 12–1 |
| 25. | The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins. |
| 26. | There is no ____________________ that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA molecule. |
| 27. | The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of ____________________. |
| 28. | In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ____________________ sequences in DNA. |
| 29. | According to the principle of ____________________, hydrogen bonds can form only between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine. |
| 30. | Chromatin contains proteins called ____________________. |
| 31. | In Figure 12-7, A, B, and C are three types of ____________________. 
Figure 12–7 |
| 32. | After introns are cut out of an RNA molecule, the remaining ____________________ are spliced back together to form the final messenger RNA. |
| 33. | A mutation in a series of genes, called the ____________________, can change the organs that develop in specific parts of an embryo. |
Short Answer |
| 34. | At the beginning of DNA replication, what two processes “unzip” the two strands of a DNA molecule? |
| 35. | In Figure 12-2, which molecule is tRNA, and what is its function? 
Figure 12–2 |
| 36. | According to Figure 12-3, what codons specify the amino acid arginine?  Figure 12–3 |
| 37. | What happens to lac repressors in E. coli when lactose is present? |
| 38. | What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide? |
| 39. | What must happen to a DNA molecule before RNA polymerase can make RNA? |
| 40. | What causes translation to stop? |
| 41. | What is a mutation? |
Essay |
| 42. | Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. |
| 43. | Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA. |
Other |
| | USING SCIENCE SKILLS 
Figure 12–4 |
| 44. | Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12-4? |
| 45. | Interpreting Graphics Identify structure C in Figure 12-4. |
| 46. | Interpreting Graphics Which labeled structure in Figure 12-4 is a codon? |
| 47. | Inferring What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons in Figure 12-4? How is this relationship important? |
| 48. | Predicting In Figure 12-4, what will happen after the ribosome joins the methionine and phenylalanine? |
| | USING SCIENCE SKILLS 
Figure 12–8 |
| 49. | Classifying What general type of mutation results from processes A, B, C, and D in Figure 12-8? |
| 50. | Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process or processes involve two chromosomes? |
| 51. | Comparing and Contrasting Contrast process A and process B in Figure 12-8. |
| 52. | Interpreting Graphics During which process in Figure 12-8 does a segment of a chromosome become oriented in the reverse direction? |
| 53. | Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process produces two chromosomes with translocations? |