| AP Biology: CHAPTER 23- THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS
1. How does the “modern synthesis” theory of evolution differ from Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Population genetics puts a mathematical approach to the study of microevolution. Define each of the terms commonly used in population genetics. a. population: _____________________________________________________________ b. gene pool: ______________________________________________________________ c. gene frequency: _________________________________________________________ 3. What are the gene frequencies for the red and white flowers? a. p = ____________________________________________________________________ b. q = ____________________________________________________________________ 4. List the five condition that must be met by a populations to insure stability (no evolution). a. ______________________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________________________ 5. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg distribution of genes in a population, write the equation that describes genotype frequencies. __________________________________________________________________________ 6. Define the following: a. p2 = ___________________________________________________________________ b. 2pq = __________________________________________________________________ c. q2 = ___________________________________________________________________ 7. Work out these practice problems. Find both the gene and genotype frequencies: a. In Drosophilia, the allele for normal length wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial wings. In a population of 1,000 individuals, 160 show the recessive phenotype. b. The allele for the hair pattern called “widow’s peak” is dominant over the allele for no “widow’s peak.” In a population of 1,000 individuals, 360 show the dominant phenotype. 8. What is the H-W assumption that is broken when genetic drift occurs? Explain __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 9. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each. a. Founders effect: _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. Bottleneck effect _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10. How do each of the following break H-W assumptions? a. natural selection: ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. gene flow: ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. mutation: _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d. selective mating: _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 11. Why is genetic variation important to evolution? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 12. How can populations vary along a geographic axis compared to isolated populations? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 13. What is the role of mutations to forming variation? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 14. What factors of sexual reproduction lead to variations within a population? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 15. How does diploidy preserve variation? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 16. What is “balanced polymorphism?” __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 17. How can parasites contribute to balanced polymorphism? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 18. In a biological sense, what is fitness? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 19. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection.
20. What is the effect of sexual selection? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 21. For each of the following, give an example or describe what is meant by the statement. a. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms: _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. Evolution is limited by historical constraints: ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. Adaptations are often compromises: _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d. Not all evolution is adaptive: _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ e. Selection can only edit existing variations: ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
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