| AP Biology: CHAPTER 25: PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
1. What is phylogeny? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. How are fossils significant to our study of biology? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Review these key points in the study of fossils: a. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. The fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d. Phylogeny has a biogeographic basis in continental drift. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ e. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinctions. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4. List examples of fossils. ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 5. What techniques do relative dating use to place fossils in their place in geologic time? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 6. What marks the separation between the major eras in the geologic time scale? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 7. How does absolute dating compare to relative dating? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 8. Describe the two main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification. a. _______________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures with modern phylogenetic systematics? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10. What does a phylogenic tree show? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 11. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify three pitfalls scientists might encounter classifying creatures. a. _______________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________________________________ 12. What do scientists use when placing an organism on a cladistic diagram? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 13. How have molecular clocks influenced our thoughts on evolutionary paths? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 14. Why is the four chamber heart a poor choice of structure to place creatures on a phylogenic tree? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 15. Why are crocodiles now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
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