2nd Semester 29 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Chimpanzee Webquest

Life of the Chimpanzee

Introduction | Task | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion

Chimpanzees are primates that live in forest regions of Africa. They are genetically very similar to humans, sharing 98% of the same genes. Because of their similarities, Chimpanzees can reveal much about ourselves and how we learn. Chimpanzees have evolved over time to the most sophisticated primates other than humans. They have a very complex social structure, and even know how to use “tools” to make a task easier. In this web quest, you will learn all about chimpanzees, their common connection with humans, and how they have evolved to survive.

Task

Your task is to use the internet to research chimpanzees. After researching, you will use a poster board to make a Venn diagram that outline the similarities and differences of humans and chimpanzees. After making your diagram, you will present it to the class, explaining the similarities. In addition, you will explain what specific characteristics chimps and humans share that allow them to survive. This will be a group project. An illustration of the Venn diagram is shown below. Group A will be human characteristics, group B will be chimpanzee characteristics, and group C will be the shared traits of humans and chimps. Before beginning the process, skip down and read the Evaluation Rubric so you will know what your grade is based on.

Process

First, you will watch and take notes on the video, Jane Goodall’s Wild Chimpanzees. The movie will give you some background knowledge on what scientists know about chimps and their behavior.
After watching the movie, you will choose a partner to help do research on chimpanzees. This research will be used to construct your Venn diagram and to make a presentation ( PowerPoint – 15 slides ) which you and your partner will give to the class.
Use the following links to initially research chimpanzees. If you wish to do your own customized search, use the Google Search Engine and keywords. Hint: to get the most out of research, divide up the responsibilities and have each person research a different aspect of chimpanzees.

Encyclopedia Entry: Chimpanzee

Jane Goodall Institute

Enchanted Learning: Chimpanzees

Save the Chimps: Fact Sheet

During your research, be sure to record any similarities and differences between chimps and humans. After your research is completed, you will consolidate all of your findings into the diagram.
After each group member is done researching, come together as a group and complete your Venn diagram. Remember to include both unique and shared characteristics of humans and chimpanzees. Remember also to include shared adaptations that allow chimps and humans to survive. Write these adaptations below the diagram.
After each group has completed the diagram, you will present your Venn diagram to the class, explaining your findings using a PowerPoint presentation.

Evaluation:

You will be evaluated based on the following rubric: (CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE COPY)

Oral Presentation Rubric	Possible Points	Self-Assessment	Teacher Assessment
Complete Venn diagram with unique adaptations listed at bottom.	25
PowerPoint Presentation well-designed and with 15 slides	25
Presentation was well planned and coherent. (Evidence of rehearsal)	10
Poster board (helpful, neat)	10
Teamwork: Every member of group played a role	10
Presentation shows evidence of research on Chimpanzees (good understanding of similarities and differences)	10
Communication Skills (eye contact, posture, clear voice, appropriate volume, transitions between speakers smooth, and all members presented)	10
Total Possible Points	100

Note that half of your grade is based on the completion of the Venn diagram and PowerPoint, while the other half is distributed among different presentation aspects. Teamwork is a part of your grade as well. Make sure that each member plays a role in research and presentation.

Conclusion:

Chimpanzees and Humans are very different in many ways. Humans are much more advanced in thought and practical skills. Yet, there are still many shared characteristics, such as a complex social hierarchy, ability to use “tools”, and communication. These adaptations have allowed both humans and chimpanzees to survive, each in their respective habitat. Understanding chimpanzee behavior can help us understand our own evolution, where we came from, and perhaps where we are going.

BACK

Chapter 43 AP Obj Body Defenses

Chapter 43 Body’s Defenses

Objectives

Nonspecific Defenses Against Infection
1.	Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body.
2.	Distinguish between: a. innate and acquired immunity b. humoral and cell mediated response
3.	Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
4.	Define phagocytosis. Name four types of phagocytic leukocytes.
5.	Explain how interferon limits cell-to-cell spread of viruses.
6.	Describe the inflammation response, including how it is triggered.
7.	Describe the factors that influence phagocytosis during the inflammation response.
8.	Explain how the action of natural killer cells differs from the action of phagocytes.
9.	Explain what occurs during the condition known as septic shock.
10.	Describe the roles of antimicrobial proteins in innate immunity.

	How Specific Immunity Arises
11.	Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.
12.	Distinguish between antigen and epitope.
13.	Explain how B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens
14.	Explain how the particular structure of a lymphocyte’s antigen binding site forms during development. Explain the role of recombinase in generating the staggering variability of lymphocytes.
15.	Explain why the antigen receptors of lymphocytes are tested for self-reactivity during development. Predict the consequences that would occur if such testing did not take place.
16.	Describe the mechanism of clonal selection. Distinguish between effector cells and memory cells.
17.	Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses.
18.	Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
19.	Describe the variation found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in the rejection of tissue transplants. Explain the adaptive advantage of this variation.
20.	Compare the structures and functions of cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
21.	Compare the production and functions of class I MHC and class II MHC molecules.

	Immune Responses
22.	Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
23.	Describe the roles of helper T lymphocytes in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
24.	Describe the functions of the proteins CD4 and CD8.
25.	Explain how cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells defend against tumors.
26.	Distinguish between T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.
27.	Explain why macrophages are regarded as the main antigen-presenting cells in the primary response but memory B cells are the main antigen-presenting cells in the secondary response.
28.	Explain how antibodies interact with antigens.
29.	Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure allows antibodies to (a) recognize and bind to antigens, and (b) assist in the destruction and elimination of antigens.
30.	Distinguish between the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule.
31.	Describe the production and uses of monoclonal antibodies.
32.	Compare the processes of neutralization, opsonization, and agglutination.

	Immunity in Health and Disease
33.	Distinguish between active and passive immunity and describe examples of each.
34.	Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens.
35.	Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus and explain what precautionary measures may be taken.
36.	Explain what is done medically to reduce the risk of tissue transplant rejection due to differences in the MHC. Explain what is unique about the source of potential immune rejection in bone marrow grafts.
37.	Describe an allergic reaction, including the roles of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
38.	Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and how it can be treated.
39.	List three autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity.
40.	Distinguish between inborn and acquired immunodeficiency.
41.	Explain how general health and mental well-being might affect the immune system.
42.	Describe the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it enters a susceptible cell.
43.	Explain how HIV is transmitted and describe its incidence throughout the world. Note strategies that can reduce a person’s risk of infection.

BACK

Chapter 42 AP Obj Circulation

Chapter 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange

Objectives

Circulation in Animals
1.	Describe the need for circulatory and respiratory systems due to increasing animal body size.
2.	Explain how a gastrovascular cavity functions in part as a circulatory system.
3.	Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems. List the three basic components common to both systems.
4.	List the structural components of a vertebrate circulatory system and relate their structure to their functions.
5.	Describe the general relationship between metabolic rates and the structure of the vertebrate circulatory system.
6.	Using diagrams, compare and contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-bird reptiles, and mammals or birds.
7.	Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the functions of each.
8.	Explain the advantage of double circulation over a single circuit.
9.	Define a cardiac cycle, distinguish between systole and diastole, and explain what causes the first and second heart sounds.
10.	Define cardiac output and describe two factors that influence it.
11.	List the four heart valves, describe their location, and explain their functions.
12.	Define heart murmur and explain its cause.
13.	Define sinoatrial (SA) node and describe its location in the heart.
14.	Distinguish between a myogenic heart and a neurogenic heart.
15.	Describe the origin and pathway of the action potential (cardiac impulse) in the normal human heart.
16.	Explain how the pace of the SA node can be modulated by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise.
17.	Relate the structures of capillaries, arteries, and veins to their functions.
18.	Explain why blood flow through capillaries is substantially slower than it is through arteries and veins.
19.	Define blood pressure and describe how it is measured.
20.	Explain how peripheral resistance and cardiac output affect blood pressure.
21.	Explain how blood returns to the heart even though it must sometimes travel from the lower extremities against gravity.
22.	Explain how blood flow through capillary beds is regulated.
23.	Explain how osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure regulate the exchange of fluid and solutes across capillaries.
24.	Describe the composition of lymph and explain how the lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system. Explain the role of lymph nodes in body defense.
25.	Describe the composition and functions of plasma.
26.	Relate the structure of erythrocytes to their function.
27.	List the five main types of white blood cells and characterize their functions.
28.	Describe the structure of platelets.
29.	Outline the formation of erythrocytes from their origin from stem cells in the red marrow of bones to their destruction by phagocytic cells.
30.	Describe the hormonal control of erythrocyte production.
31.	Outline the sequence of events that occurs during blood clotting and explain what prevents spontaneous clotting in the absence of injury.
32.	Distinguish between a heart attack and a stroke.
33.	Distinguish between low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
34.	List the factors that have been correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

	Gas Exchange in Animals
35.	Define gas exchange and distinguish between a respiratory medium and a respiratory surface.
36.	Describe the general requirements for a respiratory surface and list a variety of respiratory organs that meet these requirements.
37.	Describe respiratory adaptations of aquatic animals.
38.	Describe the advantages and disadvantages of water as a respiratory medium.
39.	Describe countercurrent exchange and explain why it is more efficient than the concurrent flow of water and blood.
40.	Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium and explain how insect tracheal systems are adapted for efficient gas exchange in a terrestrial environment.
41.	For the human respiratory system, describe the movement of air through air passageways to the alveolus, listing the structures that air must pass through on its journey.
42.	Compare positive and negative pressure breathing. Explain how respiratory movements in humans ventilate the lungs.
43.	Distinguish between tidal volume, vital capacity, and residual volume.
44.	Explain how the respiratory systems of birds and mammals differ.
45.	Explain how breathing is controlled in humans.
46.	Define partial pressure and explain how it influences diffusion across respiratory surfaces.
47.	Describe the adaptive advantage of respiratory pigments in circulatory systems. Distinguish between hemocyanin and hemoglobin as respiratory pigments.
48.	Draw the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve, explain the significance of its shape, and explain how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with oxygen concentration.
49.	Describe how carbon dioxide is picked up at the tissues and deposited in the lungs.
50.	Describe the respiratory adaptations of the pronghorn that give it great speed and endurance.
51.	Describe respiratory adaptations of diving mammals and the role of myoglobin.

BACK

Chapter 44 AP Obj Controlling Internal Environment

Chapter 44 Controlling the Internal Environment

Objectives

An Overview of Osmoregulation
1.	Define osmoregulation and excretion.
2.	Define Define osmolarity and distinguish among isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hypoosmotic solutions.
3.	Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers. Explain why osmoregulation has an energy cost.
4.	Distinguish between stenohaline and euryhaline animals, and explain why euryhaline animals include both osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
5.	Discuss the osmoregulatory strategies of marine animals.
6.	Explain how the osmoregulatory problems of freshwater animals differ from those of marine animals.
7.	Describe anhydrobiosis as an adaptation that helps tardigrades and nematodes to survive periods of dehydration.
8.	Describe some adaptations that reduce water loss in terrestrial animals.
9.	Describe the ultimate function of osmoregulation. Explain how hemolymph and interstitial fluids are involved in this process.
10.	Explain the role of transport epithelia in osmoregulation and excretion.

	Water Balance and Waste Disposal
11.	Describe the production and elimination of ammonia. Explain why ammonia excretion is most common in aquatic species.
12.	Compare the strategies to eliminate waste as ammonia, urea, or uric acid. Note which animal groups are associated with each process and why a particular strategy is most adaptive for a particular group.
13.	Compare the amounts of nitrogenous waste produced by endotherms and ectotherms, and by predators and herbivores.

	Excretory Systems
14.	Describe the key steps in the process of urine production.
15.	Describe how a flame-bulb (protonephridial) excretory system functions.
16.	Explain how the metanephridial excretory tubule of annelids functions. Compare the structure to the protonephridial system.
17.	Describe the Malpighian tubule excretory system of insects.
18.	Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each structure in the mammalian excretory system.
19.	Using a diagram, identify and describe the function of each region of the nephron.
20.	Describe and explain the relationships among the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the mammalian kidney.
21.	Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Explain the significance of the juxtamedullary nephrons of birds and mammals.
22.	Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney.
23.	Explain how the loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier system.
24.	Describe the nervous and hormonal controls involved in the regulation of the kidney.
25.	Explain how the feeding habits of the South American vampire bat illustrate the versatility of the mammalian kidney.
26.	Describe the structural and physiological adaptations in the kidneys of nonmammalian species that allow them to osmoregulate in different environments.

20. Distinguish between hibernation and aestivation.

BACK

Chapter 46 AP Obj Animal Reproduction

Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction

Objectives

Overview of Animal Reproduction
1.	Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2.	List and describe four mechanisms of asexual reproduction.
3.	Describe several adaptive advantages of asexual reproduction. Discuss the conditions that may favor the occurrence of asexual reproduction.
4.	Explain the advantages of periodic reproduction. Describe factors that may control the timing of reproductive events.
5.	Describe an example of an animal life cycle that alternates between asexual and sexual reproduction.
6.	Define parthenogenesis and describe the conditions that favor its occurrence. Note examples of invertebrate and vertebrate species that use this form of reproduction.
7.	Explain how hermaphroditism may be advantageous in sessile or burrowing animals that have difficulty encountering a member of the opposite sex.
8.	Distinguish between male-first and female-first sequential hermaphroditism. Note the adaptive advantages of these reproductive systems.

	Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
9.	Describe mechanisms that increase the probability that mature sperm will encounter fertile eggs of the same species in organisms that use external fertilization.
10.	Explain the function of pheromones in mate attraction.
11.	Compare reproductive systems using internal and external fertilization on the basis of the relative number of zygotes and protection of the embryos.
12.	List and describe various methods of egg and embryo protection.
13.	Compare the reproductive systems of a polychaete worm, a parasitic flatworm, an insect, a common nonmammalian vertebrate, and a mammal.

	Mammalian Reproduction
14.	Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human male.
15.	Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human female.
16.	Describe the two physiological reactions common to sexual arousal in both sexes.
17.	Describe the four phases of the sexual response cycle.
18.	Compare menstrual cycles and estrous cycles.
19.	Describe the stages of the human female reproductive cycle.
20.	Explain how the uterine cycle and ovarian cycle are synchronized in female mammals. Note in detail the functions of the hormones involved.
21.	Describe human oogenesis.
22.	Describe spermatogenesis and the structure and function of mature sperm.
23.	Describe three major differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
24.	Describe human menopause. Describe a possible evolutionary explanation for human menopause.
25.	Describe the influence of androgens on primary and secondary sex characteristics and behavior.
26.	Compare the patterns of hormone secretion and reproductive events in male and female mammals.
27.	Define conception, gestation, and parturition.
28.	Compare the length of pregnancies in humans, rodents, dogs, cows, and elephants.
29.	Describe the changes that occur in the mother and the developing embryo during each trimester of a human pregnancy.
30.	Explain the role of embryonic hormones during the first few months of pregnancy.
31.	Describe the stages of parturition.
32.	Describe the control of lactation.
33.	Describe mechanisms that may help prevent the motherÕs immune system from rejecting the developing embryo.
34.	List the various methods of contraception and explain how each works.
35.	Describe techniques that allow us to learn about the health and genetics of a fetus.
36.	Explain how and when in vitro fertilization, zygote intrafallopian transfer, and gamete intrafallopian transfer may be used.

BACK