2nd Semester 37 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 10 – Photosynthesis

AP Biology: Chapter 10

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. What role do autotrophs fill in the biosphere?

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2. Indicate the role of each structure within the leaf:

a. stomates _______________________________________________________________

b. mesophyll cells __________________________________________________________

c. thylakoid membranes _____________________________________________________

d. stroma _________________________________________________________________

3. What is the source of oxygen released from photosynthesis?

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4. In the overview of photosynthesis, indicate the most significant function of:

a. Light reaction ___________________________________________________________

b. Calvin cycle ____________________________________________________________

5. Light is a form of energy known as _____________________________________________

and visible light has a wavelength range of _______________________________________ .

6. Plant light receptors absorb _________________________________________ wavelengths

of light and reflect ___________________________________________wavelengths of light.

7. The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll contains the element ______________________________

and the role of the ring is to ___________________________________________________

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8. What does chlorophyll do when excited by photons? _______________________________

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9. Label the diagram and explain the difference between Photosystem I and Photosystem II.

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10. With 2 different colored pencils, follow the energy paths of both noncyclic and cyclic electron

flow in the diagram.

11. How does cyclic differ from noncyclic photophosphorylation?

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12. To generate ATP, chloroplasts rely on the ETC to _________________________________

and ATP is synthesized when: _________________________________________________

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13. Within the thylakoid membrane and stroma, indicate what happens to each of the following:

a. water __________________________________________________________________

b. high energy electrons _____________________________________________________

c. H+ ____________________________________________________________________

d. oxygen ________________________________________________________________

e. NADP+ ________________________________________________________________

f. ADP __________________________________________________________________

14. Where in the chloroplast is the H+ concentration highest? ___________________________

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15. What happens during carbon fixation? __________________________________________

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16. List the materials the plant uses during the Calvin cycle and the source of the materials.

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17. The products of the Calvin cycle are ____________________________________________

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18. What environmental and internal challenges have forced both C4 and CAM plants to evolve

alternatives to the photosynthesis system used by other plants?

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19. Why do high oxygen levels inhibit photosynthesis? ________________________________

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20. What happens during photorespiration and why is it considered bad for plants?

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21. What evolutionary adaptations to the Calvin cycle are seen in C4 plants like sugar cane?

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22. Draw a diagram to show the anatomical adaptations seen in C4 plants to accommodate their variation on the Calvin cycle.

23. What evolutionary adaptation to the Calvin cycle is seen in CAM plants like cacti?

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AP Lecture Guide 29-30 – Plant Diversity

AP Biology: CHAPTER 29 & 30- PLANT DIVERSITY

1. Chart the four phyla of the plant kingdom. Include common names of each, the approximate

number of extant species, and the major characteristics.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

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b. _______________________________________________________________________

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c. _______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

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2. Why are Charophyceans thought to be ancestors of land plants?

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3. List several adaptations of land plants significant for terrestrial survival.

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4. Label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations.

5. Describe a few features common to Bryophytes.

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6. What is the dominant phase of the moss life cycle?

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7. List a couple of adaptations of Pteridophytes (ferns) not seen in Bryophytes.

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8. What is the dominant phase of the fern life cycle? _________________________________

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9. How is the reduced gametophyte an adaptation for seeded plants?

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10. What is the significance of the seed? ___________________________________________

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11. What was the advantage of pollen? _____________________________________________

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12. List the four phyla of gymnosperms. Which is the most common? _____________________

__________________________________________________________________________

13. Identify five differences between monocots and dicots.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

14. What is the adaptive value of the flower to plants? _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

15. Describe the role of ovaries and ovules in the flowering plants.

__________________________________________________________________________

16. List several features of angiosperms that aid in seed dispersal.

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AP Plant Study Guide-8b

Unit 8B – Plants

Know the following:

water potential of a turgid plant cell in pure water
adaptations of hydrophytes
what occurs if guard & surrounding epidermal cells are K+ deficient
how stomata are opened & closed
what must the plant expend for bulk flow of water in the root apoplast
which part of an oat seedling detects the direction of light
effect of gibberellins on the aleurone layer of seeds
how plant hormones determine the bending of plants toward light
what hormone might produce normal growth in a mutant dwarf plant
what can function as a sink in plants
why does photosynthesis decrease in wilting leaves
what are epiphytes
what is chlorosis
what soil characteristics would be the least productive to plant growth
what happens to most water taken up by a plant
how solutes move in plants according to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport
what causes guttation to occur
why does most of the water in xylem move upward in a tree
what property of water causes cohesion of its molecules
function of companion cells
what 2 elements make up most of the dry weight of plants
what could be the harmful effect of spraying a fungicide on a woodlot
what do carnivorous plants supplement by eating insects
why is nitrogen fixation so important
what would be characteristics of soil well suited for plant growth
what is the function of micronutrients in plants
what elements are micronutrients needed by plants
what elements are macronutrients needed by plants
what is meant by double fertilization
what are some “vegetables” that technically are fruits
why is sexual reproduction an advantage to plants
what is the megaspore mother cell & what does it do
what do male gametophytes produce in plants
name 4 flower parts that are modified leaves
what is the function of a seed’s radicle
what forms pollen on a plant
what do the 2 sperm nuclei fertilize in plants
what causes seed germination
what floral parts are involved in pollination & fertilization
what things can function in signal transduction in plants
what is needed by a short-day plant for it to flower
what type of tropism do vines use to grow toward tropical trees
why do plants use changes in photoperiods instead of air temperature changes to trigger dormancy
what is needed to get poinsettias to bloom early in December
do plant hormones act the same on all root & stem tissues
what hormone is involved in the rapid opening & closing of stomata
what effect do auxins have on stem cuttings that are to be rooted

Annelid

Annelids
Segmented Worms
All Materials © Cmassengale

Phylum Annelida
Characteristics

Includes duster worms, earthworms, & leeches
Abundant in all habitats
Have a true coelom fully lined with mesoderm
Body divided into external segments called metameres (metamerism)

Metameres correspond to internal segments
Have a one-way digestive system with a mouth & anus
Well developed brain & sensory organs
Fluid-filled coelom provides hydrostatic skeleton
Most have external bristles or setae that aid movement
Setae may be modified into flashy appendages called parapodia

PARAPODIA

Includes 3 classes based on number of setae & presence or absence of parapodia
Classes of segmented worms — Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, & Hirudenia

Class Oligochaeta
Characteristics

Have no parapodia & few setae
Includes earthworms

EARTHWORM

Bodies may have over 100 metameres
Internal partitions called septa
Distinct anterior & posterior ends
Cephalization (head with sense organs) shows specialization for burrowing
Have both circular & longitudinal muscles for movement
Have external, saddle-shaped structure called clitellum that forms a cocoon containing eggs & sperm
Prostomium or lip digs through soil as earthworm feeds on organic matter
Pharynx is a muscular organ behind the mouth to help suck in food
Food temporarily stored in crop, ground in gizzard, and digested & absorbed in intestine
Wastes called castings pass out through anus
Closed circulatory system with 5 pairs of aortic arches or hearts
Dorsal blood vessel carries blood posteriorly to cells & ventral blood vessel returns blood anteriorly

Secrete mucus to keep skin moist so oxygen will dissolve & diffuse into body
Long tubules called nephridia filter wastes from blood & excrete it through pores
Simple brain, no eyes, & dorsal and ventral nerve cords
Sensitive to light, touch, moisture, chemicals, temperature, & vibrations
Hermaphrodites exchange sperm & cross-fertilize
Sperm sacs store the worm’s own sperm & seminal receptacles store exchanged sperm

Class Hirudenia
Characteristics

No setae or parapodia
Includes leeches
Have anterior & posterior suckers for attachment

LEECH

Some suck blood from hosts, while others are scavengers or predators
Mouth’s of blood-sucking leeches with chitinous teeth & secrete anticoagulant
Found in freshwater
Flattened dorso-ventrally
Hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize

Class Polychaeta
Characteristics

Marine
Includes sandworms & clamworms
Have paddle-like parapodia to move
Take in oxygen through parapodia
Some are free-swimming predators with strong jaws to feed on small animals
Many live commensally with sponges, mollusks, & echinoderms
Well-developed head with antenna & specialized mouthparts

SANDWORM

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Virus Worksheet

Viruses Worksheet

Structure of Viruses

1. Are viruses living or nonliving?

2. How can viruses be useful?

3. What odes a virologist do for a living?

4. Construct a Venn diagram comparing viruses and cells.

5. Explain how viruses were discovered and by whom.

6. Compare the size of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells.

7. What must be true for viruses to be able to replicate?

8. Name the two main parts of all viruses.

9. Discuss the hereditary material of viruses.

10. Compare & contrast capsids and envelopes of viruses.

11. Name 2 enveloped viruses that cause sexually transmitted disease.

12. What type of virus causes flu?

13. Where are glycoproteins found & what is there purpose?

14. What characteristics are used to group viruses?

15. How are these viruses grouped — retrovirus, adenovirus, and herpes virus?

16. Compare & contrast helical & icosahedral viral shapes & diseases.

17. Explain how RNA viruses replicate.

18. Do viruses contain enzymes? Explain.

19. Compare 7 contrast viroids & prions by constructing a Venn diagram.

Viral Replication

20. Why are viruses considered to be obligate intracellular parasites?

21. What is the best known bacteriophage, and what virus does it attack?

22. Sketch & label a bacteriophage and tell the function of each labeled part.

23. Name the steps of the lytic cycle & tell what happens to the host cell & virus at each stage.

24. What are temperate phages and how do they affect a cell?

25. Name the steps of the lysogenic cycle & tell what happens to the host cell & virus at each stage.

26. How does a prophage form?

27.Name a sexually transmitted virus that uses the lysogenic cycle to attack host cells.

28. Why is the influenza virus so hard to combat?

Viruses & Human Disease

29. Name some of the most common viral disease that attack humans.

30. How are shingles & chickenpox alike? How are they different?

31.What two methods are used to control viral diseases?

32. What is the CDC and what is its job?

33.What eradication program did the World Health Organization undertake in 1967, and what were the results?

34. What virus do we vaccinate our pets against each year?

35. How does AZT work?

36. What drugs prevent viruses from making capsids?

37. Why is rain forest clearing dangerous to humans?

38. Some lysogenic viruses can trigger certain types of _________________.

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