| Cell Structure and Function Assignment |
| Project Due – Tuesday, June 28
Instructions:
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DRAWINGS:
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Category: Cells
Cell Worksheet Ch4 BI
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Cells |
Section 4-1 Introduction to the Cell
1. What is a cell?
2. Who was the first person to use a simple microscope and view microscopic organisms?
3.. What English scientist was first to view dead plant cells?
4. State the 3 parts to the cell theory.
5. Tell how each of these scientists contributed to the cell theory — Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
6. Give 3 ways that cells are not alike.
7. What is one of the longest animal cells?
8. Explain why cells are limited in how large they can grow.
9. The shape of a cell reflects its ______________________. Give an example of this.
10. Define organelle & tell what they do for a cell.
11. What surrounds the outside of all cells?
12. Where is the nucleus of a cell & what does it do?
13. What two characteristics do all eukaryotes share?
14. What type of cell is a bacterium?
15. Where is the genetic information (chromosome) of a bacterium found?
16. What are prokaryotes & are they in the same kingdom as eukaryotes?
Section 4-2 Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
17. Why can cells not survive if they are totally isolated from their environment?
18. What controls what enters or leaves a cell?
19. Define selectively permeable.
20. Describe the phospholipid make up of cell membranes.
21. Cells are bathed in an aqueous environment. What does this mean?
22. Sketch the lipid bilayer of a cell showing the inside & outside of the cell. Be sure to label all parts of the membrane.
23. What is the difference between peripheral & integral proteins in the cell membrane?
24. What is the purpose of the carbohydrate tails attached to some integral proteins?
25. Do all integral proteins look alike? Explain.
26. Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.
27. Name 12 organelles found in cells. (See table 4-2)
28. In what part of a cell are organelles found?
29. What is cytosol & what does it contain?
30. Name 3 organelles found in plant, but not animal cells. (See bottom of table 4-2)
31. What is the function of mitochondria? What energy molecule is made there?
32. Why do liver & muscle cells have more mitochondria than other types of cells?
33. Describe the outer covering of the mitochondria.
34. What are cristae & what is their purpose?
35. Mitochondria are able to reproduce inside cells because they have their own ___________.
36. What organelles are the most numerous inside cells?
37. What two things make up ribosomes & are ribosomes surrounded by membrane like other organelles?
38. Ribosomes are made inside the _______________ of a cell.
39. Ribosomes may remain unattached or __________ in cytosol or attach to what other organelle’s surface?
40. What organic compounds to ribosomes synthesize or make?
41. What does ER stand for & what is the ER in a cell?
42. What is the ER’s function?
43. Name the two types of ER inside cells.
44. What is on the surface of rough ER?
45. Rough ER synthesizes large amounts of _________________ for cells.
46. Give 3 functions of smooth ER.
47. What is the Golgi apparatus?
48. Golgi is a system of ________________ or flattened _____________.
49. How does the Golgi work with the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell?
50. What are lysosomes & what do they do?
51. Name 8 things that the enzymes inside lysosomes digest?
52. In what type of cells are lysosomes common? In what type of cell are they rare?
53. Where is the cytoskeleton & what is its function?
54. What are the two major components of the cytoskeleton?
55. How do microfilaments & microtubules differ from each other?
56. What are spindle fibers & what are they made of?
57. What protein makes up microfilaments?
58. Compare cilia & flagella.
59. What is the purpose of the nuclear matrix?
60. What double membrane surrounds the nucleus?
61. Where is chromatin found & what 2 things is it made of?
62. When a cell is ready to divide, chromatin condenses & coils into _____________________.
63. What is the purpose of DNA inside the nucleus?
64. How do nuclear pores help RNA?
65. Where is the nucleolus found and what is made there?
66. Where is the cell wall in plants found, what is its function, and what is it made of?
67. What are the 2 types of cell walls in plants?
68. What is the difference between the primary & secondary cell walls?
69. What is found inside plant vacuoles?
70. What takes up much of the volume of plant cells? What happens to the other organelles?
71. How are plastids similar to mitochondria?
72. What is found inside of plastids?
73. Name the most familiar plastid & tell its function.
74. What are thylakoids?
Section 4-3 Multicellular Organization
75. Cells are organized into ______________________. Give an example.
76. What is an organ & give an example?
77. What forms organ systems?
78. The digestive system is an organ system. Name the organs that make up this system.
79. All the systems working together make up an ______________________ such as a plant or animal.
Cell Membrane PPT Qs BI
| Transport Across Membranes |
| PowerPoint Questions |
Membrane Structure
1. Cell membranes of unicellular organisms are ____________ so the organism can move.
2. What is meant by homeostasis?
3. Homeostasis is also called __________________.
4. How does the plasma membrane help maintain homeostasis?
5. Give 7 functions of the plasma membrane.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
6. What is meant by the term selectively permeable?
7. What are cell junctions?
8. Fluid inside the cell is called _________________.
9. Label the plasma membrane (phospholipids, cholesterol, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, cytoskeleton, glcocalyx…)
10. A ________________ bilayer makes up most of the cell membrane.
11. Are phospholipids heads polar or nonpolar? the tails?
12. How many fatty acid chains are in a phospholipid?
13. Describe the heads of a phospholipid.
14. The __________ _____________ ___________ describes the appearance of the cell membrane.
15. Why is the cell membrane said to act like a fluid?
16. What causes the mosaic pattern of the cell membrane when viewed from above?
17. The phospholipid ____________ of the cell membrane allows ____________ molecules to pass through easily, but _________________ do NOT.
18. Materials soluble in __________ can pass easily through the cell membrane.
19. Because the cell membrane is ___________________, only ___________ molecules and larger _______________ molecules can move through easily.
20. List 3 substances that pass easily through the cell membrane.
21. _________, _____________ molecules larger than water, and large __________ molecules do NOT move easily through the phospholipids of the cell membrane.
Types of Membrane Transport
22. Simple ____________ requires NO energy to move things across the cell membrane.
23. With simple diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
24.Why is diffusion considered a passive process?
25. With diffusion, molecules move by their own natural __________ energy or energy of motion.
26. Explain what happens to a drop of food coloring put into a beaker of water.
27. When solutes diffuse through a membrane, they move from __________ to _________ concentration.
28. __________ is the diffusion of _________ across a cell membrane.
29. If water potential is HIGH, solute concentration is __________.
30. If water potential is LOW, solute concentration is ___________.
31. Water moves from _________ water potential to ________ water potential.
32. Water diffuses through the pores called _____________ of the cell membrane.
33. Sketch a picture of a cell in an isotonic environment & show the direction of water movement?
34. What is meant by NO NET movement?
35. Sketch a picture of a cell in an Hypotonic environment & show the direction of water movement?
36. Sketch a picture of a cell in an hypertonic environment & show the direction of water movement?
37. Complete the following table:
| Direction of Osmosis | ||
| Environmental Condition | Net Movement of water | What happens to cell |
| Hypotonic | ||
| Hypertonic | ||
| Isotonic | ||
38. _____________ occurs whenever water moves out of a cell & the cell shrinks in size.
39. _____________ occurs whenever water moves into the cells causing them to swell and burst.
40. Explain what happens to a red blood cell placed in:
a. distilled water
b. a concentrated salt solution
41. Complete the following drawings.
42. Plants prefer ________________ environments, while animal cells do best in _____________ environments.
43. Describe these 3 types of movement across cell membranes.
a. simple diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
44. Passive transport does _______ require additional energy & moves materials from ________ to _________ concentration.
45. Give 2 examples of passive transport in cells.
46. ___________ diffusion is a type of __________ transport because energy is NOT required.
47. Facilitated diffusion uses _____________ proteins to help move materials from _________ to __________ concentrations.
48. Name 2 materials that move into or out of cells by facilitated diffusion.
49. name 2 types of transport proteins found in cell membranes.
50. Describe channel proteins.
51. How do carrier proteins help move materials across a cell membrane?
52. Channel proteins have an opening or ___________ through which molecules can passively move by _____________ diffusion.
53. Do all carrier proteins extend across the cell membrane?
54. Explain how these carrier proteins move materials across the membrane.
55. Some carrier proteins can change ________ to move materials across the cell membrane.
56. __________ transport requires additional energy to move materials.
57. Active transport uses cellular energy known as _________.
58. Active transport moves materials AGAINST the concentration gradient or from _________ to ___________ concentration.
59. The _______________ pump is an example of active transport.
60. The sodium-potassium pump moves _______ sodium ions out for every ______ potassium ions moved into the cell creating voltage across the cell called the ____________ potential.
61. Moving very large particles out of the cell is called _____________.
62. In exocytosis, wastes are moved out of the cell in ___________ that fuse with the cell membrane.
63. __________ involves moving large particles into the cell.
64. taking in large liquid droplets is called ____________ or “cell drinking”.
65. __________ ____________ endocytosis involves protein ____________ recognizing hormones to help move them into the cell.
66. How does cholesterol get into a cell?
67. “Cell eating” is known as ______________.
68. White blood cells engulfing bacteria is an example of _____________.
69. _____________ is the opposite of exocytosis.
Structure & Function of the Cells
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL
All Materials © Cmassengale
I. All Organisms are Made of Cells
A. The cell is the basic unit of structure & function
B. The cell is the smallest unit that can still carry on all life processes
C. Both unicellular (one celled) and multicellular (many celled) organisms are composed of cells
D. Before the 17th century, no one knew cells existed
E. Most cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
F. In the early 17th century microscopes were invented & cells were seen for the 1st time
G. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek, a Dutchman, made the 1st hand-held microscope & viewed microscopic organisms in water & bacteria from his teeth
| Leeuwenhoek’s microscope consisted simply of:
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H. In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke made an improved microscope and viewed thin slices of cork viewing plant cell walls
I. Hooke named what he saw “cells”
J. In the 1830’s, Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants) & Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying animals) stated that all living things were made of cells
K. In 1855, Rudolf Virchow stated that cells only arise from pre-existing cells
L. Virchow’s idea contradicted the idea of spontaneous generation (idea that nonliving things could give rise to organisms)
M. The combined work of Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow is known as the Cell Theory
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| Schwann | Schleiden | Virchow |
II. Principles of the Cell Theory
A. All living things are made of one or more cells
B. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in organisms
C. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
III. Cell Diversity
A. Not all cells are alike
B. Cells differ in size, shape, and function
C. The female egg cell is the largest cell in the body & can be seen without a microscope
D. Bacterial cells are some of the smallest cells & are only visible with a microscope
E.coli Bacterial Cells
E. Cells need surface area of their cell membrane large enough to adequately exchange materials with the environment (wastes, gases such as O2 & CO2, and nutrients)
F. Cells are limited in size by the ratio between their outer surface area & their volume
G. Small cells have more surface area for their volume of cytoplasm than large cells
H. As cells grow, the amount of surface area becomes too small to allow materials to enter & leave the cell quickly enough
I. Cell size is also limited by the amount of cytoplasmic activity that the cell’s nucleus can control
J. Cells come in a variety of shapes, & the shape helps determine the function of the cell (e.g. Nerve cells are long to transmit messages in the body, while red blood cells are disk shaped to move through blood vessels)
IV. Prokaryotes
A. Prokaryotic cells are less complex
B. Unicellular
C. Do not have a nucleus & no membrane-bound organelles
D. Most have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane & a single, looped chromosome (genetic material) in the cytoplasm
E. Include bacteria & blue-green bacteria
F. Found in the kingdom Monera
V. Eukaryotes
A. More complex cells
B. Includes both unicellular & multicellular organisms
C. Do have a true nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
D. Organelles are internal structures in cell’s that perform specific functions
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| a. Nucleus | b. Chloroplast | c. Golgi | d. Mitochondria |
E. Organelles are surrounded by a single or double membrane
F. Entire eukaryotic cell surrounded by a thin cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
G. Nucleus is located in the center of the cell
H. The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) & controls the cell’s activities
I. Eukaryotes include plant cells, animal cells, fungi, algae, & protists
J. Prokaryotes or bacteria lack a nucleus
K. Found in the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
VI. Cell Membrane
A. Separates the cytoplasm of the cell from its environment
B. Protects the cell & controls what enters and leaves
C. Cell membranes are selectively permeable only allowing certain materials to enter or leave
D. Composed of a lipid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules
E. The hydrophilic head of a phospholipid is polar & composed of a glycerol & phosphate group and points to the aqueous cytoplasm and external environment.
F. The two hydrophobic tails are nonpolar point toward each other in the center of the membrane & are composed of two fatty acids
G. When phospholipids are placed in water, they line up on the water’s surface with their heads sticking into the water & their tails pointing upward from the surface.
H. The inside of the cell or cytoplasm is an aqueous or watery environment & so is the outside of the cell. Phospholipid “heads” point toward the water.
I. Phospholipid “tails” are sandwiched inside the lipid bilayer.
J. The cell membrane is constantly breaking down & being reformed inside living cells.
K. Certain small molecules such as CO2, H2O, & O2 can easily pass through the phospholipids
VII. Membrane Proteins
A. A variety of protein molecules are embedded in the cell’s lipid bilayer.
B. Some proteins called peripheral proteins are attached to the external & internal surface of the cell membrane
C. Integral proteins or transmembrane proteins are embedded & extend across the entire cell membrane. These are exposed to both the inside of the cell & the exterior environment.
D. Other integral proteins extend only to the inside or only to the exterior surface.
E. Cell membrane proteins help move materials into & out of the cell.
F. Some integral proteins called channel proteins have holes or pores through them so certain substances can cross the cell membrane.
G. Channel proteins help move ions (charged particles) such as Na+, Ca+, & K+ across the cell membrane
H. Transmembrane proteins bind to a substance on one side of the membrane & carry it to the other side. e.g. glucose
I. Some embedded, integral proteins have carbohydrate chains attached to them to serve as chemical signals to help cells recognize each other or for hormones or viruses to attach
VIII. Fluid Mosaic Model
A. The phospholipids & proteins in a cell membrane can drift or move side to side making the membrane appear “fluid”.
B. The proteins embedded in the cell membrane form patterns or mosaics.
C. Because the membrane is fluid with a pattern or mosaic of proteins, the modern view of the cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model.
IX. Internal Cell Structure & Organelles of Eukaryotes
A. Cytoplasm includes everything between the nucleus and cell membrane.
B. Cytoplasm is composed of organelles & cytosol (jellylike material consisting of mainly water along with proteins.
C. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not
D. Mitochondria are large organelles with double membranes where cellular respiration (breaking down glucose to get energy) occurs
1. Energy from glucose is used to make ATP or adenosine triphosphate
2. Cells use the ATP molecule for energy
3. More active cells like muscle cells have more mitochondria
4. Outer membrane is smooth, while inner membrane has long folds called cristae
5. Have their own DNA to make more mitochondria when needed
E. Ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane & are where proteins are made in the cytoplasm (protein synthesis)
1. Most numerous organelle
2. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
F. Endoplasmic reticulum are membranous tubules & sacs that transport molecules from one part of the cell to another
1. Rough ER has embedded ribosomes on its surfaces for making proteins
2. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & helps break down poisons, wastes, & other toxic chemicals
3. Smooth ER also helps process carbohydrates & lipids (fats)
4. The ER network connects the nucleus with the cell membrane
G. Golgi Apparatus modifies, packages, & helps secrete cell products such as proteins and hormones
1. Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
2. Receives products made by the ER
H. Lysosomes are small organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes to digest materials for the cell
1. Single membrane
2. Formed from the ends of Golgi that pinch off
3. Found in most cells except plant cells
I. Cytoskeleton consists of a network of long protein tubes & strands in the cytoplasm to give cells shape and helps move organelles
1. Composed of 2 protein structures — microtubules, intermediate filaments, & microfilaments
2. Microfilaments are ropelike structures made of 2 twisted strands of the protein actin capable of contracting to cause cellular movement (muscle cells have many microfilaments)
3. Microtubules are larger, hollow tubules of the protein called tubulin that maintain cell shape, serve as tracks for organelle movement, & help cells divide by forming spindle fibers that separate chromosome pairs
| Cytoskeleton Element | General Function |
| Microtubules | Move materials within the cell Move the cilia and flagella |
| Actin Filaments | Move the cell |
| Intermediate Filaments | Provides mechanical support |
J. Cilia are short, more numerous hair like structures made of bundles of microtubules to help cells move
1. Line respiratory tract to remove dust & move paramecia
Cross section of Cilia & Flagella
K. Flagella are long whip like tails of microtubules bundles used for movement (usually 1-3 in number)
1. Help sperm cells swim to egg
L. Nucleus (nuclei) in the middle of the cell contains DNA (hereditary material of the cell) & acts as the control center
1. Most cells have 1 nucleolus, but some have several
2. Has a protein skeleton to keep its shape
3. Surrounded by a double layer called the nuclear envelope containing pores
4. Chromatin is the long strand of DNA in the nucleus, which coils during cell division to make chromosomes
5. Nucleolus (nucleoli) inside the nucleus makes ribosomes & disappears during cell division
M. Cell walls are nonliving, protective layers around the cell membrane in plants, bacteria, & fungi
1. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin, while plant cell walls are made of cellulose
2. Consist of a primary cell wall made first and a woody secondary cell wall in some plants
N. Vacuoles are the largest organelle in plants taking up most of the space
1. Serves as a storage area for proteins, ions, wastes, and cell products such as glucose
2. May contain poisons to keep animals from eating them
3. Animal vacuoles are smaller & used for digestion
O. Plastids in plants make or store food & contain pigments to trap sunlight
1. Chloroplast is a plastid that captures sunlight to make O2 and glucose during photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll
a. Double membrane organelle with an inner system of membranous sacs called thylakoids
b. Thylakoids made of stacks of grana containing chlorophyll
2. Other plastids contain red, orange, and yellow pigments
3. Found in plants, algae, & seaweed
X. Multicellular Organization
A. Cells are specialized to perform one or a few functions in multicellular organisms
B. Cells in multicellular organisms depend on each other
C. The levels of organization include:
Cells –> Tissues –> Organs –> Systems –> Organism
D. Tissues are groups of cells that performs a particular function (e.g. Muscle)
E. Organs are groups of tissues working together to do a job (e.g. heart, lungs, kidneys, brain)
F. Systems are made of several organs working together to carry out a life process (e.g. Respiratory system for breathing)
G. Plants have specialized tissues & organs different from animals
1. Dermal tissue forms the outer covering of plants
2. Ground tissue makes up roots & stems
3. Vascular tissue transports food & water
4. The four plant organs are the root, stem, leaf, & flower
H. Colonial organisms are made of cells living closely together in a connected group but without tissues & organs (e.g. Volvox)
Cell Analogy Activity: Explain a Cell and Test the Model
Cells and Transport Teaching Resources · High school biology; AP extensions where noted.
An analogy can make cell functions easier to discuss, but it can also hide important differences. In this activity students create their own comparison and evaluate where it fails. This is a new activity; it does not reproduce the previously posted Grant City story.
Objectives and preparation
Students will justify structure–function matches, connect several cell processes, and explain limitations of an analogy. Prerequisite: identify the main cell structures and describe their jobs. Materials: paper or an accessible presentation tool; optional drawing supplies. Allow a class period for planning and discussion, or assign the product after an in-class planning check.
Student task
- Choose a familiar system with interacting parts: a library, transit center, theater, or another system you can explain. Choose a plant or animal cell as the biological model.
- Select at least six cell structures. Include a plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, and Golgi apparatus. If choosing a plant cell, explain where the wall, vacuole, or chloroplasts fit.
- For each structure write four entries: cell function; proposed counterpart; how the functions match; and one difference.
- Trace a process through at least three counterparts. For example, follow the production and export of a protein rather than draw six disconnected objects.
- Mark two places where the analogy could cause a misconception. Explain the actual biology beside each one.
- Exchange work with a partner. Ask the partner to identify a strong match, challenge a weak match, and check the process arrows. Revise after the discussion.
Example of the reasoning
A transit terminal’s entry controls can represent some selective functions of a plasma membrane. The limitation matters: a membrane is a dynamic molecular boundary, and movement depends on molecular properties, gradients, and transport proteins. It is not a person deciding which traveler deserves entry. The example is a starting point for critique, not a complete model to copy.
Assessment criteria
- Biological accuracy: each structure has a defensible function, with no claim that plants lack mitochondria.
- Reasoning: each comparison explains a functional relationship rather than just a similar shape.
- Connections: process arrows show how parts cooperate.
- Limitations: the student identifies and corrects at least two misleading implications.
Score each criterion 0–2: 0 = missing or substantially inaccurate; 1 = partly explained; 2 = accurate and justified. Artistic polish is optional and does not substitute for reasoning.
Teaching notes
Offer a written table or oral recording as an alternative to a poster. Let students use a system they know instead of requiring knowledge of factory work. Avoid calling the nucleus a conscious “boss” or mitochondria the source of all cellular energy: cells have no intentions, and ATP can also be produced outside mitochondria. An AP extension can compare the model’s treatment of compartmentalization with an actual membrane-bound cell.
Exit question: Which part of your analogy would you remove first if someone mistook it for a literal cell, and why?
Continue the unit
- Check the functions of cell parts
- Review cell structure with explanation prompts
- Compare an analogy with a physical cell model