Cellular Processes 27 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 13 – Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

AP Biology: CHAPTER 13

MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES

1. The key features of the two versions of reproduction.

a. Asexual Reproduction ____________________________________________________

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b. Sexual Reproduction _____________________________________________________

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2. What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

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3. What is a karyotype?

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4. Identify several things the can be seen with a karyotype?

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5. Label the diagram of the human lifecycle. Include the chromosome numbers.

6. Compare the products of mitosis with meiosis.

a. Mitosis ________________________________________________________________

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b. Meiosis ________________________________________________________________

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7. Meiosis is said to be a double division. Explain.

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8. Meiosis is an important source of variation. Define and describe how each of the following

contributes to variation within a species.

a. Independent Assortment __________________________________________________

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b. Random fertilization ______________________________________________________

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c. Crossing Over __________________________________________________________

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9. Draw a pair of homologous chromosomes and indicate a crossing over event and the products.

10. List the significant differences between mitosis and meiosis.

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11. What is the significance of genetic variation and natural selection?

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AP Lecture Guide 15 – The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

AP Biology: CHAPTER 15

THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. Describe some of the pieces of information that scientists discovered that contributed to the

“Chromosome Theory of Inheritance”?

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2. Summarize the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.

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3. Why was Thomas Hunt Morgan’s choice of the fruit fly a good model organism?

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4. Describe Morgan’s first mutant. Why was it so significant from the wild type?

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5. Show the cross P, F1, F2 for the white-eyed male mutant.

6. What happens when we trace the inheritance of traits found on the same chromosome?

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7. Use the diagram to trace the body color and wing shape in this linked two trait cross.

8. What is recombination and when does it occur? ___________________________________

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9. How is recombination frequency calculated? _____________________________________

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10. What determines sex in humans? ______________________________________________

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11. In what ways are sex-linked traits distinct from autosomal traits? _____________________

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12. Why are sex-linked recessive traits more common in human males than females?

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13. How many X chromosomes are typically expressed in humans and cats?

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14. What happens to X chromosomes that are inactivated? _____________________________

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15. How many Barr bodies would be found in a person with: XXY_____ XO_____ XXX_____.

16. Define each term & and indicate when each occurs.

a. aneuploidy _____________________________________________________________

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b. polyploidy ______________________________________________________________

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17. Identify the each of the alterations of chromosome structure.

18. List and describe a few specific examples of non-disjunctions that occur in humans.

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19. Describe genomic imprinting and give an example.

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AP Lecture Guide 16 – The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

AP Biology: CHAPTER 16

THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. After Morgan and fellow scientists developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, the

search was on for the chemical mechanism of inheritance. What are the two components of the chromosome?

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2. From initial logic, which component would be the most likely candidate for the genetic

material and why?

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3. What did Griffith, Avery, and others accomplish with bacteria?

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4. Define transformation. _______________________________________________________

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5. What did the experiments done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase show?

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6. What are Chargaff’s rules?

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7. If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, determine the percent of the other three bases.

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8. What was the role of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin in determining the structure of

DNA?

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9. Use the diagram to describe the structure of DNA. Include several comments.

10. What is the advantage of the double stranded aspect of the DNA? ____________________

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11. Which model of DNA replication is accepted? ____________________________________

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12. What happens at the DNA replication fork?

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13. Make a list of the enzymes involved in replication and their role.

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14. Why does the DNA have to add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

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15. Label the diagram of DNA replication. Include the directions and the terms.

16. Describe the “priming of the DNA” before replication. _______________________________

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17. List some of the steps involved in DNA repair. ____________________________________

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18. What is the problem that occurs at the ends of the chromosome during replication?

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19. What is a telomere and its role in cell division. ____________________________________

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20. Why was there no selection pressure for prokaryotes to evolve a telomere-like solution on

their chromosome? _________________________________________________________

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21. Why is telomerase an active area in cancer research? _____________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 17 – From Gene to Protein

AP Biology: CHAPTER 17

FROM GENE TO PROTEIN

1. How did diseases involving metabolic pathways lead to hypotheses about the nature of

genes?

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2. Identify some genetic diseases that occur along metabolic pathways.

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3. What was Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis regarding enzymes?

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4. How has that hypothesis been modified?

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5. What occurs during transcription?

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6. What occurs during translation?

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7. How does the protein process differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

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8. Briefly explain how Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei “cracked the genetic code?”

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9. What is the genetic code and why is said to be universal?

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10. List several features about the genetic code.

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11. Give an example of what happens if reading frames are altered?

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12. List the highlights of the three stages of transcription.

a. Initiation _______________________________________________________________

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b. Elongation ______________________________________________________________

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c. Termination _____________________________________________________________

13. What happens to the transcript RNA before it leaves the nucleus?

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14. What is the advantage of the 5’ cap and poly A tail?

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15. Distinguish between exons and introns.

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16. Describe the mechanism for splicing RNA.

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17. What does alternative RNA processing do for cells?

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18. Identify the roles of the players of the translation process.

a. Transfer RNA ___________________________________________________________

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b. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase _______________________________________________

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c. Ribosomes _____________________________________________________________

19. Identify and briefly describe the steps of translation. Initiation Elongation Termination

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20. What is the advantage of polyribosomes?

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21. Give an example of how a polypeptide gets into the ER for additional processing.

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22. How does protein synthesis differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

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23. Define point mutations. ______________________________________________________

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24. Define mutations that are:

a. Missense ______________________________________________________________

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b. Nonsense ______________________________________________________________

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c. Insertion or deletion ______________________________________________________

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25. Use the diagram to trace the flow of chemical information from the gene to the protein product.

AP Lecture Guide 19 – Control of Eukaryotic Genome

AP Biology: CHAPTER 19

CONTROL OF EUKARYOTIC GENOME

1. Outline the levels of DNA packing within the eukaryote nucleus.

2. What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin? Which is transcribed?

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3. Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin?

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4. How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare?

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5. Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of ______________________________

6. What is the cause of Fragile X?

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7. What is the cause of Huntington’s disease?

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8. Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA?

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9. What is a multigene family?

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10. Multigene families are hypothesized to have evolved from…

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11. How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals?

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12. Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression.

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13. How can transposons alter gene expression?

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14. How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies?

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15. Review the opportunities for gene regulation in eukaryotes in the diagram.

16. Where is the most important step in gene regulation?

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17. Describe the effect of each of the following control mechanisms.

a. DNA methylation ________________________________________________________

b. Histone acetylation _______________________________________________________

c. Transcription factors ______________________________________________________

d. Control elements ________________________________________________________

e. Enhancers _____________________________________________________________

f. Activators ______________________________________________________________

g. DNA-binding domain _____________________________________________________

18. How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?

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19. How does RNA degradation affect gene expression?

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20. How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression?

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21. Identify the opportunities to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

22. Typically, what happens to cell function when cells become cancerous?

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23. What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs?

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24. List the three events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.

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25. Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer.

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26. What is p53?

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27. Why is it said that cancer formation is a multi-step process?

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