Cellular Processes 27 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 09 – Respiration – Glycolysis

AP Biology: Chapter 9

RESPIRATION — GLYCOLYSIS

1. Identify some specific processes the cell does with ATP. _____________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why ATP is such a “high energy” molecule. __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Sketch the ATP cycle:

4. How does ATP “couple reactions”? ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the name of enzymes which phosphorylate molecules? ________________________

6. Define each of the following:

a. Oxidation _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Reduction _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the role of NAD+ & FAD+2 in respiration? ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Explain why respiration is considered exergonic. ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. Glycolysis starts with _____________________ and produces _________________________

10. The Kreb’s cycle takes place in the: ______________________________________________

11. Pyruvate is converted to ___________________________________ before the Krebs cycle.

12. The Electron Transport Chain is located in the: _____________________________________

13. Describe the role of the Electron Transport Chain. What happens to the electrons and H+?

___________________________________________________________________________

14. What is chemiomosis and how is it generated?

___________________________________________________________________________

15. How does the mitochondrion generate ATP?

___________________________________________________________________________

16. Label the diagram. Include: CO2, organic compounds, O2, H2O, respiration, photosynthesis, light, heat, ATP

23. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration:

___________________________________________________________________________

a. Where did the glucose come from? ___________________________________________

b. Where did the O2 come from? _______________________________________________

c. Where did the CO2 come from? ______________________________________________

d. Where did the H2O come from? ______________________________________________

e. Where did the ATP come from? ______________________________________________

f. What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? ___________________________

24. What was the evolutionary advantage of the proto-eukaryotes that engulfed aerobic bacteria

but did not digest them?

___________________________________________________________________________

25. Why do we eat? _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

26. Why do we breathe? __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

17. What happens to most of the energy released during cell respiration? ___________________

___________________________________________________________________________

18. Alcoholic fermentation converts glucose to ________________________________________

19. Alcoholic fermentation is utilized by what organisms? ________________________________

20. Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose to________________________________________

21. Lactic acid fermentation is utilized by what organisms? _______________________________

22. Identify examples of each of the following feedback mechanisms

a. Negative feedback ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Positive feedback _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 12 – Cell Cycle

AP Biology: CHAPTER 12

CELL CYCLE

1. What is meant by the concept that cells go through a cell cycle?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the key roles of cell division?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the significance of chromosome replication?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Sketch and label replicated chromosomes.

5. List the phases of the cell cycle with a brief description of what occurs in each phase.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

6. Label the stages and key features of each stage.

7. How does the spindle apparatus distribute chromosomes to the daughter cells?

__________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the role of the kinetochores and the microtubules?

__________________________________________________________________________

9. How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells? Label the diagrams below.

__________________________________________________________________________

10. Eukatyotic mitosis is thought to have evolved from _________________________________

11. Why is the regulation of the cell cycle critical to normal cells?

__________________________________________________________________________

12. What is the G1 checkpoint and where does it fit into the cycle?

__________________________________________________________________________

13. What evidence is there that regulation is chemical in nature?

__________________________________________________________________________

14. Identify the role of the following in the cell cycle clock:

a. Kinase _________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. Cyclin _________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. CDKs _________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

15. Describe the mechanism for regulating the passage of the cell into anaphase.

__________________________________________________________________________

16. Describe what triggers mitosis from G2.

__________________________________________________________________________

17. What is the role of ubiquitin?

__________________________________________________________________________

18. Describe a model for an external signal for growth.

__________________________________________________________________________

19. What happens when cancer develops?

__________________________________________________________________________

20. What is the role of p53?

__________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 13 – Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

AP Biology: CHAPTER 13

MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES

1. The key features of the two versions of reproduction.

a. Asexual Reproduction ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. Sexual Reproduction _____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What is a karyotype?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Identify several things the can be seen with a karyotype?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Label the diagram of the human lifecycle. Include the chromosome numbers.

6. Compare the products of mitosis with meiosis.

a. Mitosis ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. Meiosis ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7. Meiosis is said to be a double division. Explain.

__________________________________________________________________________

8. Meiosis is an important source of variation. Define and describe how each of the following

contributes to variation within a species.

a. Independent Assortment __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. Random fertilization ______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. Crossing Over __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

9. Draw a pair of homologous chromosomes and indicate a crossing over event and the products.

10. List the significant differences between mitosis and meiosis.

__________________________________________________________________________

11. What is the significance of genetic variation and natural selection?

__________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 15 – The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

AP Biology: CHAPTER 15

THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. Describe some of the pieces of information that scientists discovered that contributed to the

“Chromosome Theory of Inheritance”?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Summarize the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Why was Thomas Hunt Morgan’s choice of the fruit fly a good model organism?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe Morgan’s first mutant. Why was it so significant from the wild type?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Show the cross P, F1, F2 for the white-eyed male mutant.

6. What happens when we trace the inheritance of traits found on the same chromosome?

__________________________________________________________________________

7. Use the diagram to trace the body color and wing shape in this linked two trait cross.

8. What is recombination and when does it occur? ___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

9. How is recombination frequency calculated? _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

10. What determines sex in humans? ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

11. In what ways are sex-linked traits distinct from autosomal traits? _____________________

__________________________________________________________________________

12. Why are sex-linked recessive traits more common in human males than females?

__________________________________________________________________________

13. How many X chromosomes are typically expressed in humans and cats?

__________________________________________________________________________

14. What happens to X chromosomes that are inactivated? _____________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

15. How many Barr bodies would be found in a person with: XXY_____ XO_____ XXX_____.

16. Define each term & and indicate when each occurs.

a. aneuploidy _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. polyploidy ______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

17. Identify the each of the alterations of chromosome structure.

18. List and describe a few specific examples of non-disjunctions that occur in humans.

__________________________________________________________________________

19. Describe genomic imprinting and give an example.

__________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 16 – The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

AP Biology: CHAPTER 16

THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. After Morgan and fellow scientists developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, the

search was on for the chemical mechanism of inheritance. What are the two components of the chromosome?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. From initial logic, which component would be the most likely candidate for the genetic

material and why?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What did Griffith, Avery, and others accomplish with bacteria?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Define transformation. _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What did the experiments done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase show?

__________________________________________________________________________

6. What are Chargaff’s rules?

__________________________________________________________________________

7. If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, determine the percent of the other three bases.

__________________________________________________________________________

8. What was the role of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin in determining the structure of

DNA?

__________________________________________________________________________

9. Use the diagram to describe the structure of DNA. Include several comments.

10. What is the advantage of the double stranded aspect of the DNA? ____________________

__________________________________________________________________________

11. Which model of DNA replication is accepted? ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

12. What happens at the DNA replication fork?

__________________________________________________________________________

13. Make a list of the enzymes involved in replication and their role.

__________________________________________________________________________

14. Why does the DNA have to add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

__________________________________________________________________________

15. Label the diagram of DNA replication. Include the directions and the terms.

16. Describe the “priming of the DNA” before replication. _______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

17. List some of the steps involved in DNA repair. ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

18. What is the problem that occurs at the ends of the chromosome during replication?

__________________________________________________________________________

19. What is a telomere and its role in cell division. ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

20. Why was there no selection pressure for prokaryotes to evolve a telomere-like solution on

their chromosome? _________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

21. Why is telomerase an active area in cancer research? _____________________________

__________________________________________________________________________