Category: 1st Semester

Chapter 53 AP Obj Community

 

 

Chapter 53     Community Ecology
Objectives
Interspecific Interactions and Community Structure
1. List the categories of interspecific interactions and explain how each interaction may affect the population densities of the two species involved.
2. State the competitive exclusion principle.
3. Define an ecological niche and restate the competitive exclusion principle using the niche concept.
4. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche.
5. Explain how interspecific competition may lead to resource partitioning.
6. Define and compare predation, herbivory, and parasitism.
7. Give specific examples of adaptations of predators and prey.
8. Explain how cryptic coloration and warning coloration may aid an animal in avoiding predators.
9. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and MŸllerian mimicry.
10. Describe how predators may use mimicry to obtain prey.
11. Distinguish among endoparasites, ectoparasites, and parisitoids.
12. Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
13. Explain the relationship between species richness and relative abundance and explain how both contribute to species diversity.
14. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.
15. Describe two ways to simplify food webs.
16. Summarize two hypotheses that explain why food chains are relatively short.
17. Explain how dominant and keystone species exert strong control on community structure. Describe an example of each.
18. Describe and distinguish between the bottom-up and top-down models of community organization. Describe possible features of a model that is intermediate between these two extremes.
Disturbance and Community Structure
19. Define stability and disturbance.
20. Provide examples of how disturbance may increase or decrease species diversity.
21. Give examples of humans as widespread agents of disturbance.
22. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
23. Describe how species that arrive early in succession may facilitate, inhibit, or tolerate later arrivals.
24. Explain why species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient.
25. Explain the significance of measures of evapotranspiration to species richness.
Biogeographic Factors Affect Community Biodiversity
26. Define the species-area curve.
27. Explain how species richness on islands varies according to island size and distance from the mainland.
28. Define and contrast the following pairs of hypotheses:
a. interactive hypothesis versus individualistic hypothesis
b. rivet model versus redundancy model
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Chapter 5 – Structure Objectives

 

 

Chapter 5   Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Objectives
The Principles of Polymers

1.  List the four major classes of macromolecules.

2.  Distinguish between monomers and polymers.

3.  Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions.

Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material

4.  Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

5.  Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage.

6.  Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important.

7.  Describe the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion.

Lipids Are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules

8.  Describe the building-block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

9.  Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed.

10. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.

11. Name the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals.

Proteins Have Many Structures and Many Functions

12. Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide.

13. Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.

14. List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group.

15. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.

16. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.

17. Name two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.

18. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.

19. List four conditions under which proteins may be denatured.

Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Hereditary Information

20. List the major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid.

21. Distinguish between:

a. pyrimidine and purine

b. nucleotide and nucleoside

c. ribose and deoxyribose

d. 5′ end and 3′ end of a nucleotide

22. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.

 
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Chapter 1 Worksheet BI

 

Biology – Science of Life

 

Section 1-1            Themes of Biology 

1. How many species of organisms are estimated to inhabit the Earth? 

2. About how many species have actually been identified? 

3. When did the first life forms probably arise on Earth? 

4. What was the first organism like? 

5.  What is an organism? 

6. Most unicellular organisms can only be seen with a __________________________.

7. Where did these first cells live? 

8. Over time, organisms _____________ and new kinds of _______________ arose from ___________ of organisms and came to inhabit every _______________ of the Earth. 

9. Define biology. 

10. Name several things that the study of biology would include. 

11. The study of biology is unified by ___________________________. 

12. Name 6 unifying themes of biology. 

13. What is a cell? Where are they found? 

14. What is the difference between a unicellular & a multicellular organism? 

15. Cells are ___________________ but highly _______________________.

16. Are all cells alike? Explain. 

17. All cells are surrounded by a ____________ & contain _____________  instructions. 

18. Genetic instructions are used by cells to make new __________ and new cell ________________. 

19. How do new cells produced by unicellular organisms compare to the parent unicellular organism? 

20. How do mature multicellular organisms begin their life? 

21. If multicellular organisms begin their life as one cell, how do they have so many cells? Explain. 

22. Give an example of an organism maintaining a stable internal environment. 

23. Define homeostasis and tell whether it occurs in unicellular&/or multicellular organisms. 

24. Genetic information is passed to offspring during _______________________.

25. What molecule contains the cell’s hereditary information?

26.  How does DNA exist in multicellular organisms? In unicellular organisms? 

27. What is a gene?

28. In multicellular organisms, each body cell has an _____________ copy of its DNA.

29. Does each cell in a multicellular organism use all the genes on its DNA? Explain. 

30. Explain sexual reproduction. 

31. When a sperm joins with an egg to make a fertilized cell, what happens next to this cell? 

32. New organisms from sexual reproduction have _______________ material from both parents.

33. Explain asexual reproduction. 

34. Name a unicellular organism that reproduces by asexual reproduction.

35. New cells or organisms from asexual reproduction have ____________ genetic information. 

36. What is evolution? 

37. Do individuals or populations evolve? 

38. What is the driving force for evolution? 

39. Explain natural selection and give an example. 

40. Competition for what types of resources drives natural selection? 

41. Why is it so important to a species for members to survive? 

42. Organisms that survive and reproduce are ones with ________________ traits.

43. Define ecology. 

44. What are ecosystems and give an example? 

45. Name 3 things organisms must get from the environment to survive. 

46. What has been the effect of man’s activities on many ecosystems? 

47. Living things are _______________ and need a constant supply of _________________.

48. What process supplies energy for organisms on Earth? 

49. Define autotroph. 

50. Autotrophs trap _________ and use this energy to combine __________ and  _________ into__________ and starches. 

51. Define heterotrophs. 

52. Give an example of an autotroph.

53. Give several examples of heterotrophs. 

54. How do heterotrophs get their food? 

Section 1-2            World of Biology 

55. List 6 characteristics shared by all living things. 

56. All living things composed of  _________________.

57. Cells may be specialized in _________________ organisms. What does this mean?

58. What is always true about cell size?

59. Living things are organized at what 2 levels?

60. How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?

61. Define metabolism. 

62. The energy from metabolism is used for ___________, ___________, and _______________ of organisms. 

63. What is homeostasis and give an example? 

64. Is growth a characteristic of living and nonliving things? Explain.

65. What 2 things must occur for living things to grow?

 

 

66. Define cell division.

 

 

 

67. Define development.

 

 

 

68. Explain why development is necessary for multicellular organisms?

 

 

 

69. Is reproduction essential to the survival of a species? Explain.

 

 

 

70. Sexual reproduction produces offspring ______________________ to the parents.

 

71. Have all organisms been identified? Explain.

 

 

Section 1-3            Scientific Method

 

72. Scientists solve problems using the ___________________________.

 

73. The first step of the scientific method is when scientists make ___________________ of the natural world.

74. Define data.

 

 

 

75. What does a scientist usually employ in making their observations?

 

 

76. What is quantitative data?

 

77. What is sampling & why is it used by scientists?

 

 

 

78. What 2 things must be true for samples to be useful?

 

 

79. To be useful, data must be _____________________ into ____________________,

 

       ______________________, and _____________________, or maps.

 

80. Once an observation is made, the second thing a scientist must do is to develop a(n) ___________________________.

 

81. Define hypothesis.

 

 

 

82. All hypotheses must be __________________ to give supporting evidence.

 

83. What is a prediction & how are they usually written?

 

 

 

84. What is an experiment?

 

 

 

85. Name the 2 groups in a controlled experiment.

 

 

86. Both groups in an experiment are identical except for ___________ factor called the

 

       ___________________.

87. Name the 2 types of variables in a controlled experiment.

 

 

 

88. After data is collected and organized, it must be __________________ to tell if it is reliable.

 

89. If experimental data does not support the hypothesis, what should be done?

 

 

90. What is a scientific model?

 

 

91. What is an inference?

 

 

 

92. How is a theory formed?

 

 

93. Define theory.

 

 

94. What is the difference between a field biologist and a laboratory biologist? Do they both use the scientific method?

 

 

 

 

95. What do scientists do with the results of their scientific studies?

 

 

 

Section 1-4            Microscopes & Measurement

 

96. What is a microscope?

 

 

97. What is the difference between resolution & magnification?

 

 

 

 

98. When would a microscope be used?

 

 

99. Do all microscopes have the same magnification & resolution?

 

100.  Draw and label the parts of a light (LM) microscope.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

101. Tell the function of each of these parts of an LM — stage, light source, objective lens, ocular lens, & nosepiece.

 

 

 

 

 

 

102. To view specimens with a light microscope, they must be placed on a _______________

 

         and be ________________ so light will pass through to the lenses & your eyes.

 

103. What is the power of magnification & explain how it is determined?

 

 

 

104. Light microscopes can only magnify up to ______________ before the image becomes blurry.

105. What type of scope is used to view viruses & cell parts?

 

106. What produces an image with the electron microscope?

 

 

107. Name the 2 main types of electron microscopes.

 

108. What is the highest magnification for the TEM? For the SEM?

 

 

109. Can electron microscopes be used to view living cells?

 

110. What type of scope gives a magnified view of an object’s surface?

 

111. What is the standard unit of measurement used by scientists?

 

112. Name the SI base units, what they measure, & give their abbreviations (table 1-1, page 23)

 

 

 

 

 

 

113. The SI system is based on units of __________ with designated _________________.

 

114. Give the SI prefix for these base units — 1000, .01, .001, .000001, .000000001, & .000000000001.

 

 

 

 

 

115. Give the SI unit for area, volume, and time.

 

 

Chapter 20 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 20    DNA Technology
Objectives
DNA Cloning
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome.
2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in recombinant DNA technology.
3. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule.
4. Outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid.
5. Describe techniques that allow identification of recombinant cells that have taken up a gene of interest.
6. Define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA.
7. Describe the role of an expression vector.
8. Describe two advantages of using yeast cells instead of bacteria as hosts for cloning or expressing eukaryotic genes.
9. Describe two techniques to introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells.
10. Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure.
11. Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and to distinguish between two alleles of a gene.
12. Describe the process of nucleic acid hybridization.
13. Describe the Southern blotting procedure and explain how it can be used to detect and analyze instances of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
14. Explain how RFLP analysis facilitated the process of genomic mapping.
DNA Analysis and Genomics
15. Explain the goals of the Human Genome Project.
16. Explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing each contributed to the genome mapping project.
17. Describe the alternate approach to whole-genome sequencing pursued by J. Craig Venter and the Celera Genomics company.
18. Explain how researchers recognize protein-coding genes within DNA sequences.
19. Describe the surprising results of the Human Genome Project.
20. Explain how the vertebrate genome, including that of humans, generates greater diversity than the genomes of invertebrate organisms.
21. Explain how in vitro mutagenesis and RNA interference help researchers to discover the functions of some genes.
22. Explain the purposes of gene expression studies. Describe the use of DNA microarray assays and explain how they facilitate such studies.
23. Define and compare the fields of proteomics and genomics.
24. Explain the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the study of the human evolution.
Practical Applications of DNA Technology
25. Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products.
26. Explain how DNA technology is used in the forensic sciences.
27. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work.
28. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.
29. Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can produce pharmaceutical products.
30. Discuss the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry.
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Chapter 21 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 21    Genetic Basis of Development
Objectives
From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism
1. List the animals used as models for developmental biology research and provide a rationale for their choice.
2. Distinguish between the patterns of morphogenesis in plants and in animals.
Differential Gene Expression
3. Describe how genomic equivalence was determined for plants and animals.
4. Describe what kinds of changes occur to the genome during differentiation.
5. Describe the general process by which the ewe Dolly and the first mice were cloned.
6. Describe the characteristics of stem cells. Explain their significance to medicine.
7. Distinguish between determination and differentiation. Explain why determination precedes differentiation.
8. Describe the molecular basis of determination.
9. Describe the two sources of information that instruct a cell to express genes at the appropriate time.
Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms of Pattern Formation
10. Describe how Drosophila was used to investigate the basic aspects of pattern formation (axis formation and segmentation).
11. Explain how maternal genes affect polarity and development in Drosophila embryos.
12. Describe how gradients of morphogens may specify the axes of developing Drosophila embryos.
13. Describe how homeotic genes define the anatomical identity of the segments of a developing organism.
14. Describe how the study of nematodes contributed to an understanding of the role of induction in development.
15. Describe how apoptosis functions in normal and abnormal development.
16. Describe how the study of tomatoes has contributed to the understanding of flower development.
17. Describe how the study of Arabidopsis has contributed to the understanding of organ identity in plants.
18. Provide evidence of the conservation of homeobox patterns.

 
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