Category: 1st Semester

Cell Reproduction Lecture Notes B1

Cell Reproduction Lecture Guide

SECTION 8-1    CHROMOSOMES

DNA stores?                        Estimated length?

Coiled DNA in eukaryote nucleus called?

Chromosome shape?                              Made of?

Can be seen inside nucleus by?

Histones?

Function of histones?

Function of nonhistone proteins?

Sister chromatids?

When form?

Centromere?

Function of centromere?

Sketch sister chromatids & label centromere.

Prokaryotic chromosomes?

Shape?                         Number?                     Location & attachment?

Number of chromosomes in human body cells?               Called what?

How abbreviated?

Are all diploid numbers in organisms the same?   Explain and give examples.

Human body cells called what?               Examples?

Reproductive cells are called?                        Name them.

Chromosome number of gametes?                              Abbreviation?

Haploid number also called?                                      Haploid number for humans?

Fertilization?

Chromosome number that fertilization restores?

Fertilized egg called?                          Sets of chromosomes in zygote?

Chromosomes in egg and sperm called?             Name them.

Sex chromosomes of female?                                 Male?

Other 22 pairs or 44  chromosomes called?

Karyotype?

Homologous pairs of chromosomes?

Example of information contained in homologs.

SECTION 8-2    CELL DIVISION

All cells come from?                          Process called?                     

Same in prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

Binary fission?

Used by?                               Number of steps or stages.

Stage 1 of binary fission?

Stage 2 of binary fisssion?

Stage 3 of binary fission?

Is binary fission sexual or asexual reproduction?

Original cell that forms eukaryotes is called?

How new cells compare to each other & the original cell after cell division? Why?

Phases cell goes through in its life cycle called?

Number of phases?                  Name them.

Two parts of cell division?

Mitosis?

Interphase?

Also called?                          Length in cell cycle?

What’s occurring to cells in interphase?

Number of phases in interphase?                   Name them.

G1 phase?

S phase?

G2 phase?

Replication?

Results in forming?                                            Occurs when?

Why all new cells must have exact copy of DNA?

Daughter cells?

How form?                                       Compare to each other?

Two steps of cell division called?

Another name for mitosis?                                    What’s dividing?

Division of the cytoplasm called?                          When occurs?

Parent cell?

How multicellular organisms grow?

Number of steps or phases in mitosis?            Name them in order.

What’s made during mitosis?

When did the chromosomes replicate (make copies of the DNA)?

Prophase?

Chromatin condenses into what?                                 Held together by?

Two structures that disappear in prophase?

Centrosomes located near?                                        Number of centrosomes?

Contain what cylindrical bodies?                                 Found in plant &/or animal cells?
Made of bundles of?                                                   Where centrosomes move?

Help form?

Function of mitotic spindle?

Two types of spindle fibers?

Attach to centromere of sister chromatids?                                          Function?

Metaphase?

             Where are chromosomes moved?

What moves the chromosomes?

Center of cell called?                                        Ends of cell called?

Anaphase?

What happens to sister chromatids?

Once chromatids separate, they’re now individual what?

Telophase?

What happens to spindle fibers?

Chromosomes again tightly coil becoming what?

What two structures reform?

Cytokinesis?

How occurs in animal cells?

How occurs in plant cells?

How many new cells formed?                                    Cells called?

Size of new cells to each other?                   Size of new cells & parent cell?

Daughter cells & parent cell genetically identical or different?

Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

SECTION 8-3    MEIOSIS

Meiosis?

What happens to chromosome number?

Cells produced by meiosis are called?              Their chromosome number?

Fusion of gametes?                                                      Effect on chromosome number?

Number of chromosomes in human egg?               Sperm?            Zygote?

Sexual reproduction?

Combines what 2 cells?                                                Forms what cell?

Eggs?

Sperm?

How sperm reaches nonmotile egg?

Gametes produced by what process?

Where occurs in females?                                            In males?

What called in females?                                               In males?

Diploid egg or sperm after meiosis have what chromosome number?

How do daughter cells made in meiosis compare to the original cell?

How many divisions do cells undergo during meiosis?

How many new cells are produced?

How many main stages are there in meiosis?                                   Name them.

What occurs in Meiosis I?

What occurs in Meiosis II?

Chromosome number at the beginning of Meiosis I?

Homolog?

Synapsis?

Pair of homologs after synapsis called?                                    Sketch a tetrad.

First step in Meiosis I called?

            Are chromosomes visible?

Chromosome number in meiosis I?

Genes?

Crossing over?

Genetic recombination?

What 2 structures disappear?

What structure appears & attaches to homologs?

Where are tetrads moved during Metaphase I?

What happens to homologs in Anaphase I?

            What separates the homologs?

Random separation of homologous chromosomes called?

What happens to cytoplasm during Telophase I?

Chromosome number of new cells?                             How many new cells formed?

Do chromosomes replicate before Meiosis II?

            Name the 4 steps in Meiosis II.

How many new cells form in males?                          In females?

Polar bodies?

What usually happens to polar bodies? Why?

New cells in females called?                                      Cells after maturing called?

New cells in males called?                                         Cells after maturing called?

Chromosome number of new cells?

Evolution?

Which type of reproduction causes change in organisms?

Reproduction involving one parent?                                               Give 3 examples.

Chromosome number of parent & new cells?

Reproduction involving two parents?

Chromosome number of parent cell?                           Chromosome number of new cells?

Are organisms in a sexually reproducing population genetically identical?

Variations?

“Survival of the fittest”?

How environmental changes affect asexually reproducing organisms?        Sexually reproducing organisms?

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Chapter 2 – Chemistry Outline

 

Student Name
Date
Period
Chapter 2        Chemistry Outline
I. Composition of Matter
         A. Matter
  * 1.1  1. Makes up everything
             2. Occupies space & has mass
             3. Mass – quantity of matter making up an object
             4. Pull of gravity produces weight
             5. Chemical changes in matter necessary for life processes
   B. Elements and Atoms
           1. Pure substances that can’t be chemically broken down
           2. about 30 elements important to organisms
           3. Most common elements are C, H, O, N
           4. Symbols (1-2 letters) stand for elements
             5. May use Latin or Greek  e.g. Na – sodium (natrium)
*1.2 6. Simplest part of an element with the same properties
                                
 C. Nucleus
           1.  Most of the mass
           2. Central part of an atom
           3.

Cell Respiration Study Guide B1

Chapter 7        Study Guide        Cellular Respiration

1. Most eukaryotic cells produce only about ___________  ATP Molecules per Glucose Molecule.
2. What is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid?

3. At the begining of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid bonds to a molecule called _______________________ to form Acetyl CoA.
4. The breakdown of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen is called ___________________  _______________________.

5. With every completion of the Krebs Cycle, how many ATP Molecules are made?
6. What is the waste product of the Krebs Cycle?

7. The conversion of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethanol is called _____________________   _______________________.

8. The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is _______________________     _____________________________.

9. What is the byproduct of the electron transport Chain?

10. How efficient is Anaerobic Respiration? __________%  Aerobic Respiration?

11. What is the first pathway of cellular respiration called?

12.What is the location of Glycolysis?

13. What is the scientific unit of Energy?

14. What do you call cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen?

15. Yeast produces ___________________ and _________________ in the process known as _____________________  _______________________.

16. In cellular respiration, glycolysis proceeds the _________________.

17. In cellular respiration, more energy is transferred in the  ________________ than in any other step.

18. Glucose molecules are converted into ________________  ______________ molecules in the process of glycolysis.

19. What is the location of the electron transport chain in prokaryotes?

20. The processes of glycolysis and the anaerobic pathways is called _________________.

21. What is the product of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid?

22. What molecule is the electron acceptor of glycolysis?

23. The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as __________  __________.
24. Glycolysis begins with glucose and produces _____________  ______________.

25. An important molecule generated by both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is ____________.

26.  In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid from glycolysis produces CO2, NADH, H+, and ____________  ______________.

27. The electron transport chain is driven by two products of the Krebs Cycle – ______________________  and  ___________________________.
28. What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport chain?

29. The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration (including glycolysis) is approximately ______________  ____________________.

30. Where in the mitochondria do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur?

31. Where in the mitochondria is the electron transport chain located?

32. In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol is produced from ____________________.

33.  _______________, and ________________ supply electrons and protons to the electron transport chain.

34. The fourth step of glycolysis yields four ATP molecules, but the net yield is only two ATP molecules.  Explain this discrepancy.

35. Under what conditions would cells in your body undergo lactic-acid fermentation?

36. Glycolysis produces only 3.5% of the energy that would be produced if an equal quantity of glucose were completely oxidized.  What has happened to the remaining energy in the glucose?

37. Explain the role of oxaloacetic acid with respect to the cyclical nature of the Krebs cycle.

38  What happens to electrons that accumulate at the end of the electron transport chain?

39. Where in the mitochondrion do protons accumulate, and what is the source of the protons?

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Chemistry Powerpoint Worksheet

Chemistry PowerPoint Notes  

1. What makes up everything in the universe?  

2. Name 2 properties of all matter.  

 

3. Define mass.  

 

4. How does weight differ from mass?  

 

5.What are elements?  

 

6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing.  

 

7. What is used to represent an element?  

8. Name the smallest part of an element.  

9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom?  

10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain?  

11. What is the charge on a proton?              A neutron?  

12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ number of protons.  

13. The number of protons in an atom determines the _________________________.  

14. What is the charge on an electron?  

15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons?  

 

16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons?  

17. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ___________.  

18. The mass of an atom is centered in the ___________.  

19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an atom determines its ___________________.  

20. What atomic particle has a negative charge?  

21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element?  

 

22. Where are electrons found?

23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy?  

24. How many energy levels are there & name them?  

25. How many electrons will each energy level hold?  

 

26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ by their atomic _____________.  

27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements?  

 

28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements?  

 

29. Two or more elements combined together make a _____________.  

30. Chemical ______________ represent compounds.  

31. _____________ are the smallest part of a compound.  

32. ______________ in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element.  

33. _____________ in a formula tell the number of molecules.  

34. Compounds have ____________ properties than its elements.  

35.  The outermost _______________ in elements determine if they will combine.  

36. Elements with ___________ outer energy levels are stable & won’t react.  

37. Why do elements tend to react with other elements?  

 

38. Chemical _____________ represent chemical reactions.  

39. ______________ appear on the right of the equation, while ___________ are on the left.  

40. Chemical bonds store ____________.  

41. How do covalent bonds form?

 

42. How do ions form?

 

43. Positive ions _________ electrons, while negative ions ___________ electrons.  

44.  Define energy.  

 

43. Give some examples of different forms of energy.  

44. Atoms are in constant ________________, which determines the atom’s ____________.  

45.  List the 3 main states of matter.  

46. _______________ energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter.  

47. In reactions the amount of product must ____________ the amount of reactants.  

48. Most of an organism’s energy comes from _____________ in foods.  

49. _______________ reactions release energy.  

50. Give an example of an exergonic reaction in cells.  

51. _________________ reactions store energy.  

52.  Give an example of an endergonic reaction in cells.  

53. Most reactions in cells are _________________.  

54.  _________________ energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.  

55. Catalysts _____________ the amount of activation energy needed.  

56. Catalysts in organisms are called ______________ and are usually ______________.  

57. Enzymes act on ____________ which join at the _______________ site.  

58. Can enzymes be reused?  

59. Redox reactions stands for _________________________ reactions.  

60. The oxidized substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.  

61. The reduced substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.  

62. Define solution.

 

63. The _____________ is dissolved in the ____________ in a solution.  

64. _______________ is the universal solvent.  

65. A solution becomes _____________ when no more solute will dissolve.  

66. ______________ solutions have water as the solvent & are important to ______________.  

67. What is the dissociation of water?

 

68. Write the equation for this.

 

69.  OH is the ______________ ion, while H+ is the ______________ ion.  

70. Acids produce _____________ ions, while bases have an excess of ________ ions.  

71. The _______ scale measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes from ____________.  

72. From 0 to 7 are ___________, a pH of 7 is __________, & above 7 to 14 are _________.  

73. _____________ are used in the body to control pH and keep it near a pH of ______ or neutral.  

 

Cell Respiration Worksheet Ch 7 BI

 

Cellular Respiration

 

Section 7-1 Glycolysis & Fermentation

1. What organisms trap sunlight & store it in carbohydrates?

2. What 2 organisms break down carbohydrates to release energy from cells?

3. What is the main energy currency of a cell?

4. Define cellular respiration.

5. What process begins cellular respiration & does it produce much ATP?

6. If there is no oxygen in cells, the products of glycolysis enter ________________________
pathways that yield no additional ______________________.

7. Fermentation is __________________________ because no oxygen is used.

8. If oxygen is present in cells, the glycolysis products enter the ______________________
respiration pathway.

9. Does aerobic respiration produce much ATP?

10. What simple sugar starts glycolysis?

11. In glycolysis, glucose is broken into 2 molecules of _______________________ acid
in the ______________________ of the cell.

12. In which part of the cell does fermentation occur? Is oxygen involved?

13. Name the 2 types of fermentation.

14. __________________________ acid fermentation helps make cheese & yogurt and also
occurs in _______________________ cells during heavy exercise.

15. What effect does lactic acid have on muscle cells?

16. Yeasts carry on what type of fermentation?

17. What alcohol is made in alcoholic fermentation?

18. Table _____________________________ and ____________________ are made by yeasts
during alcoholic fermentation.

19. One molecule of sugar produces _________________ kilocalories of energy.

20. _______________________________ respiration, like glycolysis, produces less energy than
____________________________ respiration of pyruvic acid.

Section 7-2 Aerobic Respiration

21. Aerobic respiration requires what gas?

22. How much more ATP does aerobic respiration produce than glycolysis alone?

23. Name the 2 major stages of aerobic respiration.

24. What is completed in the Krebs cycle?

25. The energy carrier NAD+ is reduced to what substance?

26. Which part of aerobic respiration makes most of the ATP (cell’s energy)?

27. Where does aerobic respiration take place in prokaryotes?

28. Where do these reactions take place in eukaryotes?

29. What is the mitochondrial matrix & what product of glycolysis diffuses into this matrix?

30. What is found inside the mitochondrial matrix to help catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle?

31. What is acetyl CoA & to what does it combine?

32. Define Krebs cycle.

33. The first acid produced in the Krebs cycle is _________________ acid. (Diagram p. 135)

34. Two energy carriers are reduced in the Krebs cycle; ________________becomes NADH
and _________________ becomes FADH.

35. Is any ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

36. What gas is a waste product produced in the Krebs cycle?

37. The _________________________________ is the second part of aerobic respiration.

38. Where does the ETS take place in eukaryotic cells?

39. _________________________ is made in the ETS when NADH and FADH2 release
______________________ ions.

40. What gas serves as the final acceptor of electrons in the ETS (electron transport system)?

41. Write the equation for this gas accepting electrons at the end of the ETS (see page 137).

42. What is the final product of the ETS?

43. How many ATP’s of energy are made during glycolysis?

44. How many ATP’s of energy are made during the Krebs cycle?

45. Each FADH can generate how many ATP’s of energy?

46. Each NADH can generate how many ATP’s of energy?

47. _______________________ NADH molecules & ______________________ FADH
molecules are made by aerobic respiration.

48. How many ATP molecules are made by the electron transport system?

49. What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced from each glucose molecule?

50. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration.