1st Semester 78 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Cell Cycle Mitosis PPT Q

Meiosis – Gamete Production
ppt Questions

Meiosis Facts

1. Define meiosis.

2. What is the symbol for the diploid number of chromosomes in a cell?

3. What is the symbol for the monoploid or haploid number of chromosomes in a cell?

4. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

5. How many times does a cell divide during Meiosis?

6. What are the divisions of meiosis called?

7. During meiosis, sex cells divide to form ____________.

8. Name the 2 gametes.

9. How many chromosomes do gametes have compared to a normal body or somatic cell?

10. If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do the gametes (egg and sperm) have?

11. Where does meiosis occur in the body in males? in females?

12. Testes and ovaries are known as ____________.

13. Meiosis in males is called _____________ and produces ________ cells.

14. Meiosis in females is called _____________ and produces ________ cells.

15. a. Make a sketch of a diploid (2n=46) sperm cell in Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

b. Make a sketch of a diploid (2n=46) egg cell in Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Meiosis I

16. Name the 1st stage of meiosis.

17. When are chromosomes (DNA) replicated?

18. Each duplicated chromosome consists of a pair of _________ __________.

19. What attaches sister chromatids to each other?

20. What two structures in the center of a cell are visible at the beginning of Interphase I?

21. Name the 4 stages of Meiosis I.

22. What is the longest phase of meiosis? What pwercent of the division time is this?

23. During Prophase I, what happens to chromosomes?

24. __________ occurs after chromosomes condense.

25. Explain synapsis.

26. What is a tetrad?

27. A tetrad is made of ________ sister and two, nonsister ____________.

28. Sketch a tetrad.

29. What is meant by homologous chromosomes?

30. Homologous chromosomes form a ________ during Prophase I.

31. Homologs carry _________ controlling the ________ inherited traits.

32. What is a locus?

33. What is true about the loci of genes on homologous chromosomes?

34. Humans have _______ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

35. What are autosomes?

36. What is the last pair of chromosomes called?

37. What is the chromosome pair for a female? a male?

38. Sketch a tetrad and show the location of two different genes on the chromatids.

39. Define crossing over.

40. Crossing over creates __________ in the chromosomes.

41. The sites where crossing over occurs are called __________.

42. Crossing over occurs between __________ chromatids.

43. Sketch a tetrad with crossing over occurring. Label the chiasmata.

44. Sketch a tetrad where crossing over occurred and shade the sections of the chromosomes that were exchanged causing variation.

45. Compare the size of an X and a Y chromosome.

46. Spindle and aster fibers form from centrioles during _______________ in humans.

47. What is the shortest meiotic stage?

48. What happens to the tetrads during Metaphase I?

49. When the chromosome pairs of the tetrad separate, they move ____________ to the opposite poles of the cell.

50. This random separation of homologs is called ______________ ___________.

51. What effect does independent assortment have on cells?

52. Give the formula for determining the number of variations in cells.

53. If 2n=6, how many combinations are possible?

54. How many different combinations of sperm are possible in a human male?

55. What happens to homologous chromosomes during Anaphase I?

56. Do sister chromatids separate? Explain.

57. How many chromosomes are at the poles in telophase I?

58. In humans, the haploid number is _________.

59. ____________ occurs at the end of Telophase I forming _______ new daughter cells.

Meiosis II

60. Is DNA replicated again before Meiosis II?

61. Name the stages of Meiosis II.

62. What occurs during Prophase II?

63. Where are the sister chromatids during Metaphase II?

64. During what stage do sister chromatids separate from each other?

65. During Telophase II, the _____________ and nucleolus reform.

66. _______________ occurs again at the end of Telophase II forming __________ new daughter cells.

67. The 4 new cells at the end of Telophase II are _____________ or 1n cells.

68. In spermatogenesis, the newly formed gametes are called ____________.

69. In Oogenesis, the newly formed gametes are called ____________.

Variation

70. What is another name for variation?

71. Why is variation important?

72. Which individuals are most likely to survive & reproduce in a population?

73. What is this process known as?

74. Name the 3 sources of genetic variation that occur in sexual reproduction and tell when EACH occurs.

75. If a diploid cell is 2n=20, what will be the 1n number of the daughter cells?

76. How many daughter cells will there be at the end of meiosis?

77. What is a karyotype?

78. Where are the autosomes found on a karyotype?

79. Where are the sex chromosomes found?

80. How does a karotype of a Down Syndrome child look?

81. What is a zygote?

82. What process produces zygotes? What cells join or fuse?

Cell Division PPT Questions

Mitosis & Meiosis
PPT Questions

1. From where do new cells arise?

2. Why does the body constantly make new cells?

3. Is cell division the same in all cells? Explain.

4. Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell’s DNA?

5. Copying DNA is known as ____________________.

6. The original cell that divides is called the _____________ cell, while the two, new identical cells are called ______________ cells.

Chromosomes

7. Describe the chromosome of a prokaryote like a bacterial cell.

8. About how many chromosomes are in the body cell of eukaryotes?

9. How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

10. What makes up each chromosome?

11. Chromosomes can only be seen when a cell is __________________.

12. Uncoiled chromosomes are called ____________________.

13. DNA tightly coils by wrapping around what kind of proteins?

14. What are duplicated (doubled) chromosomes called?

15. What holds chromatids together?

16. Sketch & label all parts of sister chromatids.

17. What is a karyotype?

18. Where are autosomes found on a karyotype?

19. Where are sex chromosomes found on a karyotype?

20. What is the genotype for males? For females?

21. The presence of which chromosome determines the sex of the child?

Cell Reproduction

22. What is asexual reproduction?

23. Give 2 examples of asexual reproduction.

24. What is sexual reproduction and give an example?

25. Which process produces identical new cells — mitosis, meiosis, or both?

Prokaryotic Cell Division

26. Name a prokaryote that reproduces by binary fission.

27. Sketch and explain how binary fission occurs in a bacterial cells.

28. What forms to divide the 2 new bacterial cells?

Cell Cycle

29. Name the 5 phases of the cell cycle.

30. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? the shortest phase?

31. Which phase has 3 stages & name them?

32. Which phase has 4 stages & name them?

33. Describe what occurs in the G1 stage of interphase.

34. When is DNA copied?

35. How do the new copies of DNA compare to the original DNA?

36. What does a cell make during the G2 stage right before mitosis?

37. Name a structure needed for cell division that is made during the G2 stage. In what type of cell is this organelle found?

38. Can the nucleus and nucleolus be seen during interphase?

39. Sketch & label all parts of the cell cycle.

Mitosis

40. What part of a cell actually divides during mitosis?

41. Give another name for mitosis.

42. In which type of cell does mitosis occur — prokaryote or eukaryote? Explain why.

43. Name a type of cell that doesn’t undergo mitosis.

44. Name, in order, the four stages of mitosis.

45. Name 2 things that happen to a cell during Early Prophase.

46. What happens to the nucleus & nucleolus during prophase?

47. Why do chromosomes become visible during prophase?

48. What are kinetochores?

49. Where do kinetochore fibers attach to a chromosome?

50. What finishes forming by the end of Late Prophase?

51. Sketch and label a kinetochore fiber attached to a chromosome.

52. From what does the spindle form in plants? in animals?

53. What are polar fibers? Do they attach to chromosomes?

54. What are asters & where are they in a cell?

55. Where are the poles of a cell? the equator of a cell?

56. Sketch & label the parts of a spindle.

57. What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

58. During metaphase, where do chromosomes line up & what MOVES them there?

59. Which mitotic phase occurs rapidly?

60. What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?

61. What pulls sister chromatids apart during anaphase?

62. Where are chromatids located during telophase?

63. What disassembles in telophase?

64. What reforms around each set of sister chromatids during telophase?

65. What organelle reappears inside the nucleus?

66. During telophase as the chromosomes uncoil, they reappear as ____________________.

67. What process or phase follows telophase?

68. What divides during cytokinesis?

69. Explain how cytokinesis occurs in plants.

70. Explain how cytokinesis occurs in animals.

71. How does the chromosome number of the parent cell compare to that of the 2 daughter cells? How do the 3 cells compare in size?

72. What is the first thing the daughter cells must do following cytokinesis?

73. If the parent cell has a chromosome number of 2n = 6, what will be the chromosome number of the daughter cells?

74. Label these mitosis diagrams.

75. Label these stages.

76. Eukaryotic cell division is used for _______________ and _____________ of cells.

77. Parent cells before division are diploid or _______ chromosome number. What will be the chromosome number of the two new cells?

78. Name these actual stages of cell division.

TEST YOURSELF ON MITOSIS

79. Identify these stages.

80. Locate the four mitotic stages.

81. Eukaryotic cells before and after mitosis are ________________ or 2n.

82. What happens if mitosis is NOT controlled?

83. What are oncogenes?

Meiosis

80a. Do chromosomes replicate or double before meiosis?

81a. How many divisions occur in meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain.

82a. Meiosis is also called _____________________________________.

83. The original cell that divides by meiosis is ________________ or 2n.

84. How many daughter cells can be produced by meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain.

85. What is the chromosome number of the daughter cells produced by meiosis? How does this compare to the number of chromosomes in the original cell?

86. What are the daughter cells called that are produced by meiosis? Name them.

87. Name the 2 types of meiosis.

88. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

89. Where does oogenesis occur?

90. In humans, how many chromosomes are in the original that undergoes meiosis? Are they single or double stranded?

91. After one division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are they single or double stranded?

92. After the second division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are they double or single stranded?

93. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

94. Are eggs & sperm haploid or diploid?

95. What process joins the egg & sperm to restore the original chromosome number of the organism?

96. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, a new 2n cell forms called the _____________________.

97. ________________ are pairs of sister chromatids that have the same genes, but may have different alleles.

98. _____________ reduces the chromosome number by half, while ____________ restores it.

99. In Meiosis I, what separates?

100. In Meiosis II, what separates?

101. Name these stages of Meiosis I.

102. Name 2 things that occur in Early Prophase I.

103. Name 3 things that happen in Late prophase I.

104. What is a tetrad? Label the centromere and put a box around a sister chromatid.

105. ____________ is the process in prophase I that forms tetrads.

106. Once tetrads form, what happens to the homologous chromosomes? What is this called?

107. Crossing-over results in genetic ________________ in the offspring.

108. What happens during Metaphase I?

109. Name 2 things that occur in Anaphase I?

110. Name 3 things that occur in Telophase I?

111. At the beginning of Meiosis II, each cell has how many homologs of each chromosome?

112. Sister chromatids carry ____________ genetic information (same genes & same alleles).

113. The gametes at the end of Meiosis II will have how many copies of a gene for a trait?

114. Name the stages in Meiosis II.

115. What happens in Prophase II?

116. Where are the sister chromatids in Metaphase II?

117. What happens to the sister chromatids during Anaphase II?

118. Name 4 things that occur in Telophase II?

119. Meiosis results in __________ haploid cells called _________ that have _______ copy of each chromosome and _________ allele for each gene in different ___________________.

Gametogenesis

120. Gametogenesis that produces sperm cells is called ______________________________.

121. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

122. Immature sperm cells are called ___________________.

123. How do mature sperm cells move?

124. Approximately how many sperm do men produce each day?

125. Label the diagram of spermatogenesis.

126. Where does oogenesis occur?

127. Name the 4 cells produced by oogenesis.

128. What happens to the polar bodies & WHY?

129. ________________ are immature eggs.

130. How often do females produce an oocyte & starting at what age?

131. Label the diagram of oogenesis.

Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis

132. Complete the following table comparing mitosis & meiosis.

	Mitosis	Meiosis
Number of divisions
Number of Daughter cells
Genetically Identical
Chromosome Number
Where Occurs
When occurs
Role

Cell Respiration Lab Online

The Biology Place – Lab Bench Activity – Cellular Respiration

www.phschool.com ——> go to “The Biology Place” —–> go to LabBench —> go to “Lab 5: Cell Respiration”

1. In this lab activity:

a) You will observe __________________________________________________________________
b) You will investigate ________________________________________________________________

2. Write the equation for cellular respiration:

3. What are the three ways in which you can measure the rate of cellular respiration?

4. Sketch a respirometer and label its important features.

5. As the organism inside the respirometer consumes oxygen, what happens to the water? _________________________

6. What happens to the CO2 that the organism produces? ____________________________

7. Experimental Setup (View the graphic)

a) fill out the table

	Vial 1	Vial 2	Vial 3	Vial 4	Vial 5	Vial 6
Contents
Temperature

b) How do you ensure that each vial has an equal volume?

c. What is the purpose of the vial with only glass beads?

8. Analyzing Results

a) What is the equation to determine the rate of respiration?

b) What is X _______________ What is Y _______________

9. Read the respirometers and determine the rate of respiration. Show your calculations

10. Analysis – Self Quiz

a) Describe the relationship between temperature and consumption of oxygen.

b) Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for germinating corn at 12 degrees. (Show calculations)

c) Based on the graph, would you conclude that non germinating seeds respire?

11. Extension (You do not need the computer to finish this section, do as homework)

A cricket is placed in a respirometer and data taken at three temperatures. The following table shows the data collected.

	Temperatures
Time (min)	10 degrees	18 degrees	25 degrees
0	0.0	0.0	0.0
5	0.25	0.6	0.9
10	0.5	0.9	1.4
15	0.7	1.2	1.8
20	0.9	1.6	2.4

a ) Graph the data.

b) Determine the rate of respiration for each of the three temperatures. (Show work)

c) Write a paragraph stating your conclusions

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Chapter 1 Questions PPT

Introduction to Biology

Science of Life

1. Approximately how long ago did life arise on earth?

2. Describe the first organisms.

3. Organisms change or __________ over long periods of time.

4. Today, millions of _________ of organisms exist on earth.

5. The ________ is the basis unit of life and makes up all _____________.

6. _____________ organisms are made of a single cell and are genetically ___________ to their parent cell.

7. Many-celled organisms are known are called _______________ and they may be made of ___________ types of cells.

8. What is true about the size of most cells?

9. Are cells organized?

10. Specialized structures in cells are called _____________.

11. What surrounds all cells?

12. All cells must contain a set of ______________ instructions or DNA.

13. Organisms maintain stable internal conditions called ______________.

14. Name 4 things that organisms must keep stable or balanced.

15. For a species to continue, some of its members must be able to _____________ and pass on their traits to their ______________.

16. What does DNA stand for?

17. DNA’s instructions are called __________ and code for the complex ____________ necessary for life.

18. ___________ cells or body cells each have a full set of _________ or hereditary material.

19. ____________ reproductions combines hereditary information from _____ parents.

20. When an sperm and egg join, a fertilized egg or __________ forms and contains DNA from ________ parents.

21. In ___________ reproduction, only a single parent cell reproduces and the new cells are genetically _____________ to each other and the original cell.

22. _____________, not individual organisms, change or evolve over many generations.

23. ____________ ___________ is the driving force for evolution.

24. According to natural selection, which individuals in a population are more likely to survive and be able to reproduce?

25. A change in population due to the survival & reproduction of organisms with favorable traits is known as what?

26. Define ecology.

27. Name 3 things that organisms need from their environment.

Matter, Energy, & Organization

28. Organisms require a constant supply of ____________.

29. The _________ directly or indirectly supplies the energy for living things.

30. ______________ is the process of capturing sunlight and changing it into stored ____________ energy for organisms.

31. __________ are organisms that can make their own food.

32. _____________ use _________ for photosynthesis converting _________ and _______ into sugar and __________.

33. ______________ use chemicals to get energy.

34. Organisms that can’t make their own food are known as _____________ and may be __________ eating autotrophs, ______________ eating other heterotrophs, or ______________eating both autotrophs and heterotrophs to get energy.

World of Biology

35. the size of an organisms depends on the ___________ of cells that make it up and not the _______ of the cells.

36. Organelles are cell structures that carry out different ___________ for the cell.

37. The sum of all the chemical processes in an organisms is called _____________.

38. _________ is needed for all metabolic processes including growth and reproduction.

39. Homeostasis is when a n organism maintains ____________ internal conditions such as body temperature.

40. Name 2 processes that result in the growth of an organism.

41. All new cells develop from ______________ cells.

42. new cells ___________ as they mature.

43. The process of an organism become an adult is called ______________ and involves numerous cell ____________ and cell _______________.

44. Do all members of a species have to be able to reproduce for the species to continue?

45. Organisms respond to ____________ from their environment such as light, __________, heat, and touch.

Scientific Method

46. The scientific method begins with _____________ that involves using your senses to perceive objects or events in the natural world.

47. Based on their observations and questioning, scientists make a ________________ that can tested through experimentation.

48. Hypothesis may have to be ___________ after an experiment is done if it is NOT supported by the data.

49. Testing a hypothesis must be done in a ______________ experiment that includes a control group that can be compared to an ______________ group.

50. How many factors may be different between the control group & experimental group?

51. What is this one factor called?

52. The ___________ variable is measured in both groups.

53. Information collected in an experiment is called ___________.

54. When numerical data is collected, it is called _____________ data.

55. _____________ may be used when the population size is too large for the experiment.

56. Collected data must be organized into ___________, ____________, or graphs.

57. A ___________ may be formed from many related hypotheses that have been tested & support the evidence.

58. When scientists complete their experiments they must _________ their work with other scientists.

59. Scientific work may be printed in scientific ____________ or presented as papers as scientific ______________.

Microscopes

60. Microscopes produce an enlarged ____________ of an object due to ____________ of the microscope lenses.

61. The clearness of a microscope image is known as ____________.

62. Arrange these things in order from smallest to largest – fly, animal cell, atom, virus, organelle, bacterial cell.

63. Label the parts of this microscope.

64. Where is the specimen placed in order to view it through a microscope?

65. What lens do you look through at the top of a microscope and what is its magnification?

66. What are the lenses called on the revolving nosepiece?

67. How do you determine the total magnification for a microscope?

68. Which knob should be turned to focus on low power?

69. Which knob should be turned to focus on high power?

70. How should a microscope be carried?

71. What should be done when you are finished using a microscope?

72. The best light microscopes can magnify images up to how many times?

73. What type of microscope can used to view inside of cells that have been thinly sliced?

74. What is total magnification for the TEM?

75. What type of microscope produces a 3-D image of the surface of an object?

76. Can electron microscopes be used to view living specimens?

Measurements

77. Scientists use the _____________ system or _______.

78. The SI system is based on units of _______.

79.The basic metric unit of measure is __________ for mass, _________ for volume, __________ for temperature, _____________ for length, and __________ for time.

80. What are the most common prefixes used for biology and what do they stand for?

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Cell Respiration PPT Q-B1

ADP, ATP, & Cellular Respiration
PowerPoint Question Guide

1. _______ is the energy used by all cells.

2. ATP stands for ________________ ______________.

3. ATP is an ___________ molecule containing high-energy ____________ bonds.

4. The sugar in ATP is ____________, while the nitrogen base is ___________.

5. How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?

6. How do we get energy from ATP?

7. Make a simple sketch of ATP and show the high-energy bond that is broken.

8. To break the last phosphate bond in ATP, _________ must be added.

9. The process is called ___________.

10. What enzyme is used to help weaken & break the last phosphate bond in ATP?

11. Can ATP be remade?

12. When the last phosphate bond of ATP is broken, __________ and a free __________ form.

13. What enzyme can be used to rejoin ADP and a free phosphate to make more ATP?

14. Using ATP’s energy and then remaking it is called the ________________ cycle.

15. In the body, ATP is made during the process of _____________ ________________.

16. Cellular respiration takes place in both ____________ and ____________.

17. Cellular respiration requires the gas ____________.

18. In cellular respiration, _____________ is oxidized (loses electrons) and ___________ is reduced (gains electrons).

19. The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in ________ to _______ ATP molecules of energy.

20. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration.

21. Cellular respiration is an example of a ________ reaction.

22. REDOX stands for _____________-____________ reactions.

23. What are the products of cellular respiration?

24. What carries the energized electrons from glucose in cellular respiration?

25. NAD+_ is a _____________ that forms ____________ when it is reduced (picks up electrons).

26. What does NAD+ stand for?

27. Name a second coenzyme that acts as an energy carrier in cellular respiration.

28. What does FAD+ stand for?

29. FAD+ becomes __________ whenever it is reduced.

30. Cellular respiration like photosynthesis is a _______________ ____________ because it involves many reactions to make or break down carbohydrates.

31. Cellular respiration is an ______________ reaction because it releases energy from glucose.

32. Glucose is broken down into __________ and _________.

33. Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? explain why.

34. Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration.

35. ____________ takes place in the cytoplasm of cells., while the __________ cycle and ETC take place in the _______________.

36. Sketch and label the parts of a mitochondrion.

37. Describe the outer surface of the mitochondria.

38. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is ___________.

39. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ___________.

40. The innermost space of the mitochondria is known as the ___________.

41. Using the PowerPoint diagram, answer the following:

a. Glycolysis occurs where?

b. Glycolysis produces what energy molecule?

c. The products of glycolysis enter what other part of a cell?

d. What organic compound enters the Krebs cycle?

e. Electron carriers (NADH & FADH) carry electrons to what?

f. The ETC occurs across what?

g. What is the product at the end of the ETC?

h. What gas is added at the end of the ETC?

i. The Krebs cycle occurs where?

j. What gas is a product of the Krebs cycle?

k. Is ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

l. Is ATP in the ETC?

42. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Explain why.

43. Glycolysis requires how much ATP to get started?

44. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of ______________ or pyruvic _________.

45. Is any CO2 produced during glycolysis?

46. Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces ______ ATP.

47. How much NADH (energy carrier) is made during glycolysis?

48. Glycolysis does ______ require oxygen but may occur if _________ is present.

49. If oxygen is NOT present, the products of glycolysis enter a process called _______________.

50. Fermentation is an _____________ process because no ___________ is needed.

51. Name the 2 types of fermentation.

52. Which fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells?

53. _________ acid builds up and makes muscles feel tired.

54. ____________ fermentation in yeasts produces an alcohol called _____________.

55. Fermentation only nets ______ molecules of ATP.

56. Why did Hans Krebs receive the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1953?

57. Why did he have to leave Germany before WWII?

58. Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen?

59. Processes needing oxygen are said to be ____________.

60. How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to burn one molecule of glucose?

61. What gas is made during the Krebs Cycle?

62. Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

63. TWO TURNS of the Krebs cycle produces ______ CO2 molecules, ______ NADH, _____FADH, and ____ ATP molecules.

64. Label the parts of the Krebs Cycle.

65. The ETC occurs across the inner membrane of the ____________ and produces ________ as an end product.

66. The ETC uses the energized electrons carried by the coenzymes __________ and ________ to make 34 ATP’s of energy.

67. Each NADH makes _______ ATP’s, while each FADH makes only ______ ATP’s.

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