Category: Curriculum Map

Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration Objectives

 

 

Chapter 9    Cellular Respiration
Objectives
The Principles of Energy Harvest

1.  In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration.

2.  Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. Write the specific chemical equation for the degradation of glucose.

3.  Define oxidation and reduction.

4.  Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.

5.  Describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration.

6.  In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration.

The Process of Cellular Respiration

7.  Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs.

8.  Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis.

9.  Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis.

10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis.

11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle.

13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular respiration.

14. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

15. In general terms, explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis.

16. Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient.

17. Describe the structure and function of the four subunits of ATP synthase.

18. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule by constructing an ATP ledger.

19. Explain why it is not possible to state an exact number of ATP molecules generated by the oxidation of glucose.

Related Metabolic Processes

20. State the basic function of fermentation.

21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and in lactic acid fermentation.

22. Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration.

23. Describe the evidence that suggests that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway.

24. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP.

25. Explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can contribute to anabolic pathways.

26. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell, and describe the role that the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase plays in the process.

 
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Chapter 52 AP Obj Pop Ecol

 

 

Chapter 52    Population Ecology
Objectives
Characteristics of Populations
1. Distinguish between density and dispersion of a population.
2. Explain how ecologists may estimate the density of a species.
3. Describe conditions that may result in clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion of individuals in a population.
4. Explain how a life table is constructed.
5. Distinguish between a life table and a reproductive table.
6. Describe the characteristics of populations that exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves.
Life Histories
7. Define and distinguish between semelparity and iteroparity. Explain what factors may favor the evolution of each life history strategy.
8. Explain, with examples, how limited resources and trade-offs may affect life histories.
Population Growth
9. Compare the exponential model of population growth with the logistic model.
10. Explain how an environment’s carrying capacity affects the per capita rate of increase of a population.
11. Explain the meaning of each of the following terms in the logistic model of population growth:
a. rmax
b. K 2 N
c. (K 2 N)/K
12. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected populations.
Population-Limiting Factors
13. Explain how density-dependent factors affect population growth.
14. Explain, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may work together to control a population’s growth.
15. Describe boom-and-bust population cycles, explaining possible causes of lynx/hare fluctuations.
Human Population Growth
16. Describe the history of human population growth.
17. Define the demographic transition.
18. Compare the age structures of Italy, Afghanistan, and the United States. Describe the possible consequences for each country.
19. Describe the problems associated with estimating Earth’s carrying capacity for the human species.
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Chapter 43 AP Obj Body Defenses

 

 

Chapter 43    Body’s Defenses
Objectives
Nonspecific Defenses Against Infection
1. Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body.
2. Distinguish between:
a. innate and acquired immunity
b. humoral and cell mediated response
3. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
4. Define phagocytosis. Name four types of phagocytic leukocytes.
5. Explain how interferon limits cell-to-cell spread of viruses.
6. Describe the inflammation response, including how it is triggered.
7. Describe the factors that influence phagocytosis during the inflammation response.
8. Explain how the action of natural killer cells differs from the action of phagocytes.
9. Explain what occurs during the condition known as septic shock.
10. Describe the roles of antimicrobial proteins in innate immunity.
How Specific Immunity Arises
11. Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.
12. Distinguish between antigen and epitope.
13. Explain how B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens
14. Explain how the particular structure of a lymphocyte’s antigen binding site forms during development. Explain the role of recombinase in generating the staggering variability of lymphocytes.
15. Explain why the antigen receptors of lymphocytes are tested for self-reactivity during development. Predict the consequences that would occur if such testing did not take place.
16. Describe the mechanism of clonal selection. Distinguish between effector cells and memory cells.
17. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses.
18. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
19. Describe the variation found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in the rejection of tissue transplants. Explain the adaptive advantage of this variation.
20. Compare the structures and functions of cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
21. Compare the production and functions of class I MHC and class II MHC molecules.
Immune Responses
22. Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
23. Describe the roles of helper T lymphocytes in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
24. Describe the functions of the proteins CD4 and CD8.
25. Explain how cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells defend against tumors.
26. Distinguish between T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.
27. Explain why macrophages are regarded as the main antigen-presenting cells in the primary response but memory B cells are the main antigen-presenting cells in the secondary response.
28. Explain how antibodies interact with antigens.
29. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure allows antibodies to (a) recognize and bind to antigens, and (b) assist in the destruction and elimination of antigens.
30. Distinguish between the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule.
31. Describe the production and uses of monoclonal antibodies.
32. Compare the processes of neutralization, opsonization, and agglutination.
Immunity in Health and Disease
33. Distinguish between active and passive immunity and describe examples of each.
34. Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens.
35. Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus and explain what precautionary measures may be taken.
36. Explain what is done medically to reduce the risk of tissue transplant rejection due to differences in the MHC. Explain what is unique about the source of potential immune rejection in bone marrow grafts.
37. Describe an allergic reaction, including the roles of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
38. Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and how it can be treated.
39. List three autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity.
40. Distinguish between inborn and acquired immunodeficiency.
41. Explain how general health and mental well-being might affect the immune system.
42. Describe the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it enters a susceptible cell.
43. Explain how HIV is transmitted and describe its incidence throughout the world. Note strategies that can reduce a person’s risk of infection.

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Chapter 5 – Structure Objectives

 

 

Chapter 5   Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Objectives
The Principles of Polymers

1.  List the four major classes of macromolecules.

2.  Distinguish between monomers and polymers.

3.  Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions.

Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material

4.  Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

5.  Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage.

6.  Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important.

7.  Describe the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion.

Lipids Are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules

8.  Describe the building-block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

9.  Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed.

10. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.

11. Name the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals.

Proteins Have Many Structures and Many Functions

12. Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide.

13. Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.

14. List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group.

15. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.

16. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.

17. Name two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.

18. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.

19. List four conditions under which proteins may be denatured.

Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Hereditary Information

20. List the major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid.

21. Distinguish between:

a. pyrimidine and purine

b. nucleotide and nucleoside

c. ribose and deoxyribose

d. 5′ end and 3′ end of a nucleotide

22. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.

 
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Chapter 53 AP Obj Community

 

 

Chapter 53     Community Ecology
Objectives
Interspecific Interactions and Community Structure
1. List the categories of interspecific interactions and explain how each interaction may affect the population densities of the two species involved.
2. State the competitive exclusion principle.
3. Define an ecological niche and restate the competitive exclusion principle using the niche concept.
4. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche.
5. Explain how interspecific competition may lead to resource partitioning.
6. Define and compare predation, herbivory, and parasitism.
7. Give specific examples of adaptations of predators and prey.
8. Explain how cryptic coloration and warning coloration may aid an animal in avoiding predators.
9. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and MŸllerian mimicry.
10. Describe how predators may use mimicry to obtain prey.
11. Distinguish among endoparasites, ectoparasites, and parisitoids.
12. Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
13. Explain the relationship between species richness and relative abundance and explain how both contribute to species diversity.
14. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.
15. Describe two ways to simplify food webs.
16. Summarize two hypotheses that explain why food chains are relatively short.
17. Explain how dominant and keystone species exert strong control on community structure. Describe an example of each.
18. Describe and distinguish between the bottom-up and top-down models of community organization. Describe possible features of a model that is intermediate between these two extremes.
Disturbance and Community Structure
19. Define stability and disturbance.
20. Provide examples of how disturbance may increase or decrease species diversity.
21. Give examples of humans as widespread agents of disturbance.
22. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
23. Describe how species that arrive early in succession may facilitate, inhibit, or tolerate later arrivals.
24. Explain why species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient.
25. Explain the significance of measures of evapotranspiration to species richness.
Biogeographic Factors Affect Community Biodiversity
26. Define the species-area curve.
27. Explain how species richness on islands varies according to island size and distance from the mainland.
28. Define and contrast the following pairs of hypotheses:
a. interactive hypothesis versus individualistic hypothesis
b. rivet model versus redundancy model
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