Category: Curriculum Map

Chapter 2 Worksheet BI – Chemistry

 

Chemistry Worksheet

 

Section  2-1    Composition of Matter  

1. Define matter.

2. Define mass.

3. Explain the difference between mass & weight.

4. Why do biologists study chemistry?

5. Define element.

6. Name the 4 elements that make up 90% of the mass of living things. Give the symbol for each of these elements.

7. Explain why some elements such as sodium have odd symbols.

8. Sketch a block from the periodic table and label the atomic number, atomic mass, & symbol for the element.

9. Define atom and tell whether they can be seen.

10. What is the center of an atom called & what 2 subatomic particles are found there?

11. How does the charge of a proton differ from the charge of a neutron?

12. Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

13. How is the atomic number of an element determined?

14. What is the charge on an electron?

15. Explain why the overall or net charge on an atom is zero.

16. Where are electrons found in an atom & describe their movement?

17. In which energy levels do the electrons have more energy?

18. How many electrons can these energy levels hold   — a. first?        b. second? 

19. Define compound and write a formula for water, carbon dioxide, & sodium chloride (table salt).

20. Do compounds have the same chemical properties as the elements that compose them?

21. When would an atom be chemically stable (not react)?

22. What occurs in a chemical reaction?

23. What is a covalent bond?

24. Define molecule.

25. Give an example of a gas that exists as a molecule.

26. Define ionic bond.

27. What is an ion?

28. Name a compound formed from — a. covalent bonding?            b. ionic bonding?

29. If electrons are shared, a(n) ______________ compound forms.

30. If electrons are transferred, a(n) _____________ compound forms.

31. Forming ionic or covalent bonds helps make atoms more ________________.

Section 2-2    Energy 

32. All living things require _____________ to do work.

33. Energy can’t be created or _____________ in a chemical reaction, but it can be _____________ from one form into another.

34. Name 4 forms of energy important to living things.

35. What is free energy?

36. Give an example of energy changing form in an organism.

37. Atoms & molecules are in constant _______________.

38. Name the 3 main states of matter.

39. Explain how the shape and volume of a solid, liquid, and gas differ.

40. Organisms undergo thousands of ____________ as part of their life processes.

41. Where are the reactants and products in a chemical equation?

42. What does a two-direction arrow mean in a chemical equation?

43. _______________ are broken down in chemical reactions in your body to release ___________ and produce _______________ and ______________.

44. What is the difference between an endergonic & exergonic reaction?

45. What is activation energy?

46. What effect does a catalyst have on activation energy?

47. What are biological catalysts called?

48. Redox is the abbreviation for what type of reaction?

49. Redox reactions involve the transfer of energy and _________ between atoms.

50. What happens during oxidation?

51. What happens during reduction?

52. Give an example of oxidation.

53. Give an example of reduction.

Section 2-3        Solutions   

54. Many of the chemical reactions in organisms take place in __________.

55. What is a solution?

56. Give an example of a complex solution in your body.

57. Name & describe the 2 parts of a solution.

58. What is meant by concentration of the solution?

59. How do you get a saturated solution?

60. What are aqueous solutions?

61. Explain dissociation of water molecules.

62. Name and give the charge for the 2 ions formed whenever water dissociates.

63. Write the final equation for the dissociation of water.

64. What is the hydronium ion?

65. How are acidity and alkalinity measured?

66. When would a solution be neutral?    Give an example of a neutral solution.

67. When would solutions be considered as acidic?

68. Acids have what taste?

69. Acids form what ion in water?

70. Give an example of an acid in your stomach.

71. When would solutions be considered as a base?

72. What adjective refers to basic solutions?

73. Give an example of a base.

74. What ion forms whenever a base is dissolved in water?

75. How does a base taste and feel?

76. How is soap made?

77. What is the pH scale used for?

78. What is the range for the pH scale?

79. At what pH would you find each of these solutions on a pH scale:    a. acids?    b. Bases?    c. neutral?

80. How many times stronger is a pH of 3 than a pH of 5?

81. A change of one pH unit reflects a __________ change.

82. Why is controlling the pH range important to organisms?

83. How do organisms control their pH levels?

84. What is a buffer?

85. Give an example of a human body fluid that is:    a. acidic?    b. alkaline?


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Chapter 25 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 25    Tracing Phylogeny
Objectives
Phylogenies are Based on Common Ancestries
1. Distinguish between phylogeny and systematics.
2. Describe the process of sedimentation and the formation of fossils. Explain which portions of organisms are most likely to fossilize.
3. Explain why it is crucial to distinguish between homology and analogy before selecting characters to use in the reconstruction of phylogeny.
4. Explain why bird and bat wings are homologous as vertebrate forelimbs but analogous as wings.
5. Define molecular systematics. Explain some of the problems that systematists may face in carrying out molecular comparisons of nucleic acids.
Phylogenetic Systematics: Connecting Classification
with Evolutionary History
6. Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification:
a. binomial nomenclature
b. hierarchical classification
7. List the major taxonomic categories from most to least inclusive.
8. Define a clade. Distinguish between a monophyletic clade and paraphyletic and polyphyletic groupings of species.
9. Distinguish between shared primitive characters and shared derived characters.
10. Explain how shared derived characters can be used to construct a phylogenetic diagram.
11. Explain how outgroup comparison can be used to distinguish between shared primitive characters and shared derived characters.
12. Define an ingroup.
13. Distinguish between a phylogram and an ultrameric tree.
14. Discuss how systematists use the principles of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood in reconstructing phylogenies.
15. Explain why any phylogenetic diagram represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms.
16. Distinguish between orthologous and paralogous genes. Explain how gene duplication has led to families of paralogous genes.
17. Explain how molecular clocks are used to determine the approximate time of key evolutionary events. Explain how molecular clocks are calibrated in actual time.
18. Describe some of the limitations of molecular clocks.
19. Explain the neutral theory of evolutionary change.
20. Explain how scientists determined the approximate time when HIV-1 M first infected humans.
21. Describe the evidence that suggests there is a universal tree of life.
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Chapter 27 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 27     Prokaryotes and the Origins of Metabolic Diversity
Objectives
Structural, Functional, and Genetic Adaptations
Contribute to Prokaryotic Success
1. Explain why it might be said that the history of life on Earth is one long “age of prokaryotes.”
2. Explain why prokaryotes are unable to grow in very salty or sugary foods, such as cured meats or jam.
3. State the function(s) of each of the following prokaryotic features:
a. capsule
b. fimbria
c. sex pilus
d. nucleoid
e. plasmid
f. endospore
4. Describe how prokaryotes carry out cellular respiration when they lack compartmentalized organelles such as mitochondria.
5. List the three domains of life.
6. Describe the structure, composition, and functions of prokaryotic cell walls.
7. Distinguish the structure and staining properties of gram-positive bacteria from those of gram-negative bacteria.
8. Explain why disease-causing gram-negative bacterial species are generally more deadly than disease-causing gram-positive bacteria.
9. Explain how the organization of prokaryotic genomes differs from that of eukaryotic genomes.
10. Describe the evidence of parallel adaptive evolution found in Lenski’s experiments on E. coli.
Nutritional and Metabolic Diversity
11. Distinguish, with prokaryotic examples, among photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
12. Distinguish among obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes.
13. Explain the importance of nitrogen fixation to life on Earth.
14. Describe the specializations for nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena.
A Survey of Prokaryotic Diversity
15. Explain why new assays for prokaryotic diversity that do not require researchers to culture microbes have been so fruitful.
16. Explain why some archaea are known as extremophiles. Describe the distinguishing features of methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes
17. In general terms, describe the role of chemoheterotrophic and autotrophic prokaryotes in the cycling of chemical elements between the biological and chemical components of ecosystems.
18. Describe the mutualistic interaction between humans and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
19. Distinguish among mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Provide an example of a prokaryote partner in each type of symbiosis.
20. Distinguish between exotoxins and endotoxins and give an example of each.
21. Describe the evidence that suggests that the dangerous E. coli strain O157:H7 arose through horizontal gene transfer.
22. Define bioremediation. Describe two examples of bioremediation involving prokaryotes.
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Chapter 10 – Photosynthesis Objectives

 

 

Chapter 10   Photosynthesis
Objectives
The Process That Feeds the Biosphere

1.  Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

2.  Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

3.  Describe the structure of a chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments.

The Pathways of Photosynthesis

4.  Write a summary equation for photosynthesis.

5.  Explain van Niel’s hypothesis and describe how it contributed to our current understanding of photosynthesis. Explain the evidence that supported his hypothesis.

6.  In general terms, explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis.

7.  Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis in general terms.

8.  Describe the relationship between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum. Explain why the action spectrum for photosynthesis differs from the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a.

9.  Explain how carotenoids protect the cell from damage by light.

10. List the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis.

11. Explain what happens when a solution of chlorophyll a absorbs photons. Explain what happens when chlorophyll a in an intact chloroplast absorbs photons.

12. List the components of a photosystem and explain the function of each component.

13. Trace the movement of electrons in noncyclic electron flow. Trace the movement of electrons in cyclic electron flow.

14. Explain the functions of cyclic and noncyclic electron flow.

15. Describe the similarities and differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.

16. State the function of each of the three phases of the Calvin cycle.

17. Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle.

18. Describe what happens to rubisco when O2 concentration is much higher than CO2 concentration.

19. Describe the major consequences of photorespiration. Explain why it is thought to be an evolutionary relict.

20. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration.

21. List the possible fates of photosynthetic products.

 
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Chapter 26 Early Earth & the Origin of Life

 

Chapter 26    Early Earth & the Origin of Life
Objectives
The Origin of Life
1. Describe the four stages of the hypothesis for the origin of life on Earth by chemical evolution.
2. Describe the contributions that A. I. Oparin, J.B.S. Haldane, and Stanley Miller made toward developing a model for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. Describe the conditions and locations where most of these chemical reactions probably occurred on Earth.
3. Describe the evidence that suggests that RNA was the first genetic material. Explain the significance of the discovery of ribozymes.
4. Describe how natural selection may have worked in an early RNA world.
5. Describe how natural selection may have favored the proliferation of stable protobionts with self-replicating, catalytic RNA.
Introduction to the History of Life
6. Explain how the histories of Earth and life are inseparable.
7. Explain how index fossils can be used to determine the relative age of fossil-bearing rock strata. Explain how radiometric dating can be used to determine the absolute age of rock strata. Explain how magnetism can be used to date rock strata.
8. Describe the major events in Earth’s history from its origin until 2 billion years ago. In particular, note when Earth first formed, when life first evolved, and what forms of life existed in each eon.
9. Describe the mass extinctions of the Permian and Cretaceous periods. Discuss a hypothesis that accounts for each of these mass extinctions.
The Major Lineages of Life
10. Describe how chemiosmotic ATP production may have arisen.
11. Describe the timing and significance of the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.
12. Explain the endosymbiotic theory for the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Describe the evidence that supports this theory.
13. Explain how genetic annealing may have led to modern eukaryotic genomes.
14. Describe the timing of key events in the evolution of the first eukaryotes and later multicellular eukaryotes.
15. Explain how the snowball-Earth hypothesis explains why multicellular eukaryotes were so limited in size, diversity, and distribution until the late Proterozoic.
16. Describe the key evolutionary adaptations that arose as life colonized land.
17. Explain how continental drift explains Australia’s unique flora and fauna.
18. Explain why R. H. Whittaker’s five-kingdom system has been replaced by a new system with three domains.
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