Category: Curriculum Map

Cell Cycle Mitosis PPT Q

Meiosis – Gamete Production
ppt Questions

Meiosis Facts

1. Define meiosis.

 

2. What is the symbol for the diploid number of chromosomes in a cell?

3. What is the symbol for the monoploid or haploid number of chromosomes in a cell?

4. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

5. How many times does a cell divide during Meiosis?

6. What are the divisions of meiosis called?

7. During meiosis, sex cells divide to form ____________.

8. Name the 2 gametes.

9. How many chromosomes do gametes have compared to a normal body or somatic cell?

10. If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do the gametes (egg and sperm) have?

11. Where does meiosis occur in the body in males? in females?

12. Testes and ovaries are known as ____________.

13. Meiosis in males is called _____________ and produces ________ cells.

14. Meiosis in females is called _____________ and produces ________ cells.

15. a. Make a sketch of a diploid (2n=46)  sperm cell in Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   b. Make a sketch of a diploid (2n=46)  egg cell in Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

 

 

 

 

Meiosis I

16. Name the 1st stage of meiosis.

17. When are chromosomes (DNA) replicated?

18. Each duplicated chromosome consists of a pair of _________ __________.

19. What attaches sister chromatids to each other?

20. What two structures in the center of a cell are visible at the beginning of Interphase I?

21. Name the 4 stages of Meiosis I.

22. What is the longest phase of meiosis? What pwercent of the division time is this?

23. During Prophase I, what happens to chromosomes?

24. __________ occurs after chromosomes condense.

25. Explain synapsis.

 

26. What is a tetrad?

 

27. A tetrad is made of ________ sister and two, nonsister ____________.

28. Sketch a tetrad.

 

 

29. What is meant by homologous chromosomes?

 

30. Homologous chromosomes form a ________ during Prophase I.

31. Homologs carry _________ controlling the ________ inherited traits.

32. What is a locus?

 

33. What is true about the loci of genes on homologous chromosomes?

34. Humans have _______ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

35. What are autosomes?

36. What is the last pair of chromosomes called?

37. What is the chromosome pair for a female?  a male?

38. Sketch a tetrad and show the location of two different genes on the chromatids.

 

 

39. Define crossing over.

 

40. Crossing over creates __________ in the chromosomes.

41. The sites where crossing over occurs are called __________.

42. Crossing over occurs between __________ chromatids.

43. Sketch a tetrad with crossing over occurring. Label the chiasmata.

 

 

 

 

44. Sketch a tetrad where crossing over occurred and shade the sections of the chromosomes that were exchanged causing variation.

 

 

45. Compare the size of an X and a Y chromosome.

 

46. Spindle and aster fibers form from centrioles during _______________ in humans.

47. What is the shortest meiotic stage?

48. What happens to the tetrads during Metaphase I?

49. When the chromosome pairs of the tetrad separate, they move ____________ to the opposite poles of the cell.

50. This random separation of homologs is called ______________ ___________.

51. What effect does independent assortment have on cells?

 

52. Give the formula for determining the number of variations in cells. 

 

 

53. If 2n=6, how many combinations are possible?

 

54. How many different combinations of sperm are possible in a human male?

55. What happens to homologous chromosomes during Anaphase I?

 

56. Do sister chromatids separate? Explain.

 

57. How many chromosomes are at the poles in telophase I?

58. In humans, the haploid number is _________.

59. ____________ occurs at the end of Telophase I forming _______ new daughter cells.

Meiosis II

60. Is DNA replicated again before Meiosis II?

61. Name the stages of Meiosis II.

 

62. What occurs during Prophase II?

 

63. Where are the sister chromatids during Metaphase II?

64. During what stage do sister chromatids separate from each other?

65. During Telophase II, the _____________ and nucleolus reform.

66. _______________ occurs again at the end of Telophase II forming __________ new daughter cells.

67. The 4 new cells at the end of Telophase II are _____________ or 1n cells.

68. In spermatogenesis, the newly formed gametes are called ____________.

69. In Oogenesis, the newly formed gametes are called ____________.

Variation

70. What is another name for variation?

71. Why is variation important?

 

72. Which individuals are most likely to survive & reproduce in a population?

 

73. What is this process known as?

74. Name the 3 sources of genetic variation that occur in sexual reproduction and tell when EACH occurs.

 

 

75. If a diploid cell is 2n=20, what will be the 1n number of the daughter cells?

76. How many daughter cells will there be at the end of meiosis?

77. What is a karyotype?

 

78. Where are the autosomes found on a karyotype?

79. Where are the sex chromosomes found?

80. How does a karotype of a Down Syndrome child look?

 

81. What is a zygote?

 

82. What process produces zygotes?  What cells join or fuse?

 

 

Cell Division PPT Questions

 

 

Mitosis & Meiosis
 PPT Questions
1.   From where do new cells arise?

 

2.   Why does the body constantly make new cells?

 

3.   Is cell division the same in all cells?  Explain.

 

4.   Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell’s DNA?

 

5.   Copying DNA is known as ____________________.

6.   The original cell that divides is called the _____________ cell, while the two, new identical cells are called ______________ cells.

Chromosomes

7.   Describe the chromosome of a prokaryote like a bacterial cell.

 

8.   About how many chromosomes are in the body cell of eukaryotes?

9.   How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

10. What makes up each chromosome?

 

11. Chromosomes can only be seen when a cell is __________________.

12. Uncoiled chromosomes are called ____________________.

13. DNA tightly coils by wrapping around what kind of proteins?

14. What are duplicated (doubled) chromosomes called?

15. What holds chromatids together?

16. Sketch & label all parts of sister chromatids.

 

 

 

17. What is a karyotype?

 

18. Where are autosomes found on a karyotype?

19. Where are sex chromosomes found on a karyotype?

20. What is the genotype for males?        For females?

21. The presence of which chromosome determines the sex of the child?

 

Cell Reproduction

22. What is asexual reproduction?

 

23. Give 2 examples of asexual reproduction.

a.

b.

 

24. What is sexual reproduction and give an example?

25. Which process produces identical new cells — mitosis, meiosis, or both?

Prokaryotic Cell Division

26. Name a prokaryote that reproduces by binary fission.

27. Sketch and explain how binary fission occurs in a bacterial cells.

 

 

 

 

28. What forms to divide the 2 new bacterial cells?

 

Cell Cycle

29. Name the 5 phases of the cell cycle.

 

30. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?                       the shortest phase?

31. Which phase has 3 stages & name them?

 

32. Which phase has 4 stages & name them?

 

33. Describe what occurs in the G1 stage of interphase.

 

34. When is DNA copied?

35. How do the new copies of DNA compare to the original DNA?

36. What does a cell make during the G2 stage right before mitosis?

 

37. Name a structure needed for cell division that is made during the G2 stage.  In what type of cell is this organelle found?

 

38. Can the nucleus and nucleolus be seen during interphase?

39. Sketch & label all parts of the cell cycle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mitosis

40. What part of a cell actually divides during mitosis?

41. Give another name for mitosis.

42. In which type of cell does mitosis occur — prokaryote or eukaryote? Explain why.

 

43. Name a type of cell that doesn’t undergo mitosis.

44. Name, in order, the four stages of mitosis.

 

45. Name 2 things that happen to a cell during Early Prophase.

a.

 

b.

46. What happens to the nucleus & nucleolus during prophase?

 

 

47. Why do chromosomes become visible during prophase?

 

48. What are kinetochores?

 

49. Where do kinetochore fibers attach to a chromosome?

50. What finishes forming by the end of Late Prophase?

 

51. Sketch and label a kinetochore fiber attached to a chromosome.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

52. From what does the spindle form in plants?             in animals?

53. What are polar fibers? Do they attach to chromosomes?

 

54. What are asters & where are they in a cell?

 

55. Where are the poles of a cell?      the equator of a cell?

 

56. Sketch & label the parts of a spindle.

 

 

 

 

 

57. What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

 

58. During metaphase, where do chromosomes line up & what MOVES them there?

 

59. Which mitotic phase occurs rapidly?

60. What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?

 

61. What pulls sister chromatids apart during anaphase?

62. Where are chromatids located during telophase?

63. What disassembles in telophase?

64. What reforms around each set of sister chromatids during telophase?

65. What organelle reappears inside the nucleus?

66. During telophase as the chromosomes uncoil, they reappear as ____________________.

67. What process or phase follows telophase?

68. What divides during cytokinesis?

69. Explain how cytokinesis occurs in plants.

 

70. Explain how cytokinesis occurs in animals.

 

71. How does the chromosome number of the parent cell compare to that of the 2 daughter cells? How do the 3 cells compare in size?

 

72. What is the first thing the daughter cells must do following cytokinesis?

 

73. If the parent cell has a chromosome number of 2n = 6, what will be the chromosome number of the daughter cells?

74. Label these mitosis diagrams.

 

 

75. Label these stages.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76. Eukaryotic cell division is used for _______________ and _____________ of cells.

77. Parent cells before division are diploid or _______ chromosome number.  What will be the chromosome number of the two new cells?

 

78. Name these actual stages of  cell division.

 

TEST YOURSELF ON MITOSIS

79. Identify these stages.

80. Locate the four mitotic stages.

 

81. Eukaryotic cells before and after mitosis are ________________ or 2n.

82. What happens if mitosis is NOT controlled?

 

83. What are oncogenes?

Meiosis

80a. Do chromosomes replicate or double before meiosis?

81a. How many divisions occur in meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain.

 

 

82a. Meiosis is also called _____________________________________.

83. The original cell that divides by meiosis is ________________ or 2n.

84. How many daughter cells can be produced by meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain.

 

 

85.  What is the chromosome number of the daughter cells produced by meiosis? How does this compare to the number of chromosomes in the original cell?

 

86. What are the daughter cells called that are produced by meiosis? Name them.

 

87. Name the 2 types of meiosis.

a.

b.

88. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

89. Where does oogenesis occur?

90. In humans, how many chromosomes are in the original that undergoes meiosis? Are they single or double stranded?

91. After one division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are they single or double stranded?

 

 

92. After the second division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are they double or single stranded?

 

 

93. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

94. Are eggs & sperm haploid or diploid?

95. What process joins the egg & sperm to restore the original chromosome number of the organism?

 

96. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, a new 2n cell forms called the _____________________.

97. ________________ are pairs of sister chromatids that have the same genes, but may have different alleles.

98. _____________ reduces the chromosome number by half, while ____________ restores it.

99. In Meiosis I, what separates?

 

100. In Meiosis II, what separates?

 

101. Name these stages of Meiosis I.

 

 

102. Name 2 things that occur in Early Prophase I.

 

103. Name 3 things that happen in Late prophase I.

 

104. What is a tetrad? Label the centromere and put a box around a sister chromatid.

 

 

105. ____________ is the process in prophase I that forms tetrads.

106. Once tetrads form, what happens to the homologous chromosomes? What is this called?

 

 

107. Crossing-over results in genetic ________________ in the offspring.

108. What happens during Metaphase I?

 

109. Name 2 things that occur in Anaphase I?

 

110. Name 3 things that occur in Telophase I?

 

111. At the beginning of Meiosis II, each  cell has how many homologs of each chromosome?

 

112. Sister chromatids carry ____________ genetic information (same genes & same alleles).

113. The gametes at the end of Meiosis II will have how many copies of a gene for a trait?

 

114. Name the stages in Meiosis II.

 

115. What happens in Prophase II?

116. Where are the sister chromatids in Metaphase II?

117. What happens to the sister chromatids during Anaphase II?

 

 

118. Name 4 things that occur in Telophase II?

 

 

119. Meiosis results in __________ haploid cells called _________ that have _______ copy of each chromosome and _________ allele for each gene in different ___________________.

Gametogenesis

120. Gametogenesis that produces sperm cells is called ______________________________.

121. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

122. Immature sperm cells are called ___________________.

123. How do mature sperm cells move?

124. Approximately how many sperm do men produce each day?

125. Label the diagram of spermatogenesis.

 

126.  Where does oogenesis occur?

 

 

127. Name the 4 cells produced by oogenesis.

128. What happens to the polar bodies & WHY?

 

129. ________________ are immature eggs.

130. How often do females produce an oocyte & starting at what age?

131. Label the diagram of oogenesis.

 

 

Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis

132. Complete the following table comparing mitosis & meiosis.

 

Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions
Number of Daughter cells
Genetically Identical
Chromosome Number
Where Occurs
When occurs
Role

 

Cell Respiration

 

Cellular Respiration
All Materials © Cmassengale

 

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat and ATP)

Energy

  • Capacity to move or change matter
  • Forms of energy are important to life include Chemical, radiant (heat & light), mechanical, and electrical
  • Energy can be transformed from one form to another
  • Chemical energy is the energy contained in the chemical bonds of molecules
  • Radiant energy travels in waves and is sometimes called electromagnetic energy. An example is visible light
  • Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy
  • Energy that is stored is called potential energy

Laws of Thermodynamics

  • 1st law- Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

    Energy can be converted from one form to another. The sum of the energy before the conversion is equal to the sum of the energy after the conversion.

  • 2nd law- Some usable energy is lost during transformations.

    During changes from one form of energy to another, some usable energy is lost, usually as heat. The amount of usable energy therefore decreases.

 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

  • Energy carrying molecule used by cells to fuel their cellular processes
  • ATP is composed of an adenine base, ribose sugar, & 3 phosphate (PO4) groups

 

 

 

  • The PO4 bonds are high-energy bonds that require energy to be made & release energy when broken

 

 

  • ATP is made & used continuously by cells
  • Every minute all of an organism’s ATP is recycled
  • Phosphorylation refers to the chemical reactions that make ATP by adding Pi to ADP ADP + Pi + energy «  ATP + H2O
  • Enzymes  (ATP synthetase& ATPase) help break & reform these high energy PO4 bonds in a process called substrate-level phosphorylation
  • When the high-energy phosphate bond is broken, it releases energy, a free phosphate group, & adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

 

 

 

Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways:

  • Biological catalysts
  • Speeds up chemical reactions
  • Lowers the amount of activation energy needed by weakening existing bonds in substrates

  • Highly specific protein molecules
  • Have an area called the active site where substrates temporarily join
  • Form an enzyme-substrate complex to stress bonds
  • Enzyme usable

enzyme substrate complex

 
Energy Carriers During Respiration:

NADH: A second energy carrying molecule in the mitochondria; produces 3 ATP

 

 

FADH2: A third energy carrying molecule in the mitochondria; produces 2 ATP

 

 

Mitochondria:

  • Has outer smooth, outer membrane & folded inner membrane
  • Folds are called cristae
  • Space inside cristae is called the matrix & contains DNA & ribosomes
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Krebs cycle takes place in matrix
  • Electron Transport Chain takes place in cristae 

Cellular Respiration Overview:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat and ATP)

  • Controlled release of energy from organic molecules (most often glucose)
  • Glucose is oxidized (loses e-) & oxygen is reduced (gains e-)
  • The carbon atoms of glucose (C6H12O6) are released as CO2
  • Generates ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

 

 

  • The energy in one glucose molecule may be used to produce 36 ATP
  • Involves a series of 3 reactions — Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, & Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis:

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm
  • Summary of the steps of Glycolysis:

    a. 2 ATP added to glucose (6C) to energize it.

    b. Glucose split to 2 PGAL (3C). (PGAL = phosphoglyceraldehyde)

    c. H+ and e- (e- = electron) taken from each PGAL & given to make 2 NADH.

    d. NADH is energy and e- carrier.

    e. Each PGAL rearranged into pyruvate (3C), with energy transferred to make 4 ATP (substrate phosphorylation).

    f. Although glycolysis makes 4 ATP, the net ATP production by this step is 2 ATP (because 2 ATP were used to start glycolysis). The 2 net ATP are available for cell use.

    g. If oxygen is available to the cell, the pyruvate will move into the mitochondria & aerobic respiration will begin.


     

    Net Yield from Glycolysis
    4 NADH2
    2 CO2
    4 ATP ( 2 used to start reaction)

     

h. If no oxygen is available to the cell (anaerobic), the pyruvate will be fermented by addition of 2 H from the NADH (to alcohol + CO2 in yeast or lactic acid in muscle cells). This changes NADH back to NAD+ so it is available for step c above. This keeps glycolysis going!

 

Alcoholic Fermentation

 

 

Lactic Acid Fermentation

 

Aerobic Respiration:

  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Includes the Krebs Cycle & the Electron Transport Chain
  • Pyruvic acid from glycolysis diffuses into matrix of mitochondria & reacts with coenzyme A to for acetyl-CoA (2-carbon compound)
  • CO2 and NADH are also produced

Kreb’s Cycle:

  • Named for biochemist Hans Krebs
  • Metabolic pathway that indirectly requires O2 
  • Kreb’s Cycle is also known as the Citric acid Cycle
  • Requires 2 cycles to metabolize glucose
  • Acetyl Co-A (2C) enters the Kreb’s Cycle & joins with Oxaloacetic Acid (4C) to make Citric Acid (6C)
  • Citric acid is oxidized releasing CO2 , free H+, & e- and forming ketoglutaric acid (5C)
  • Free e- reduce the energy carriers NAD+ to NADH2 and FAD+ to FADH2
  • Ketoglutaric acid is also oxidized releasing more CO2 , free H+, & e-
  • The cycle continues oxidizing the carbon compounds formed (succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, etc.) producing more CO2, NADH2, FADH2, & ATP
  • H2O is added to supply more H+
  • CO2 is a waste product that diffuses out of cells
  • Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to start the cycle again
  • NADH2 and FADH2 produced migrate to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

 

Net Yield from Kreb’s Cycle (2 turns)
6 NADH2
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 ATP

 

Electron Transport Chain:

  • Found in the inner mitochondrial membrane or cristae
  • Contains 4 protein-based complexes that work in sequence moving H+ from the matrix across the inner membrane (proton pumps)
  • A concentration gradient of H+ between the inner & outer mitochondrial membrane occurs
  • H+ concentration gradient causes the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis
  • Energized e- & H+ from the 10 NADH2 and 2 FADH2 (produced during glycolysis & Krebs cycle) are transferred to O2 to produce H2O (redox reaction)

O2  +  4e-  +  4H+  2H2O

 

Energy Yield from Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Total
4 NADH2 6 NADH2 10 NADH2 x 3 = 30 ATP
0 FADH2 2 FADH2 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4 ATP
2 ATP 2 ATP                          4 ATP
38 ATP

 

  • Most cells produce 36- 38 molecules of ATP per glucose (66% efficient)
  • Actual number of ATP’s produced by aerobic respiration varies among cells

 

Cell Respiration Lab Online

The Biology Place – Lab Bench Activity – Cellular Respiration

www.phschool.com ——> go to “The Biology Place” —–> go to LabBench —> go to “Lab 5: Cell Respiration”

1. In this lab activity:

a) You will observe __________________________________________________________________
b) You will investigate ________________________________________________________________

2. Write the equation for cellular respiration:

 

3. What are the three ways in which you can measure the rate of cellular respiration?

 

 

4. Sketch a respirometer and label its important features.

 

 

 

5. As the organism inside the respirometer consumes oxygen, what happens to the water? _________________________

6. What happens to the CO2 that the organism produces? ____________________________

7. Experimental Setup (View the graphic)

a) fill out the table
Vial 1
Vial 2
Vial 3
Vial 4
Vial 5
Vial 6
Contents
Temperature

b) How do you ensure that each vial has an equal volume?

c. What is the purpose of the vial with only glass beads?

8. Analyzing Results

a) What is the equation to determine the rate of respiration?

 

 

b) What is X _______________ What is Y _______________

9. Read the respirometers and determine the rate of respiration. Show your calculations

10. Analysis – Self Quiz

a) Describe the relationship between temperature and consumption of oxygen.

 

 

b) Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for germinating corn at 12 degrees. (Show calculations)

 

 

c) Based on the graph, would you conclude that non germinating seeds respire?

 

11. Extension (You do not need the computer to finish this section, do as homework)

A cricket is placed in a respirometer and data taken at three temperatures. The following table shows the data collected.

Temperatures
Time (min) 10 degrees 18 degrees 25 degrees
0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 0.25 0.6 0.9
10 0.5 0.9 1.4
15 0.7 1.2 1.8
20 0.9 1.6 2.4

a ) Graph the data.

 

b) Determine the rate of respiration for each of the three temperatures. (Show work)

 

 

 

 

 

c) Write a paragraph stating your conclusions

 

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Cellular Respiration Study Guide BI

 

 

Cellular Respiration Study Guide
What type of organisms carry on photosynthesis?
What type of organisms carry on cellular respiration?
To get the most ATP from glucose, what type of respiration must follow glycolysis?
Does fermentation take place with oxygen?
Does oxidative respiration need oxygen?
Is glycolysis an efficient pathway for getting ATP (energy) from glucose? Explain.
Is oxidative respiration or aerobic respiration an efficient pathway fro getting ATP from glucose? Explain.
Is lactic acid fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
When cells break down food, energy is temporarily stored in what molecule?
What energy molecule is essential for a cell to do any of its work?
What is the process called when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen?
What is the name of the process that breaks down food molecules in cells to release energy?
What gas is made during photosynthesis that is later used in cellular respiration?
What is the name of the process that splits glucose into pyruvate & releases some ATP?
What builds up in muscles when they are overworked and there is not enough oxygen present?
If lactic acid forms when glucose is broken down, this shows that there was not enough of what gas present?
What are the 2 main stages of cellular respiration called?
Citric acid forms during which part of cellular respiration?
Does glycolysis need oxygen?
What 2 energy carriers are formed during the Krebs cycle?
Is the Calvin cycle part of cellular respiration? Explain.
Is the energy carrier NADPH formed in cellular respiration? Explain.
Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP are formed during the _______ cycle and the ___________ chain.
Which produces more ATP — Krebs cycle & electron transport chain or glycolysis?
Water is formed at the end of _______________________.

 

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