Category: Curriculum Map

Fungi

 

Fungi
All Materials © Cmassengale

Characteristics

  • Eukaryotic 
  • Do not contain chlorophyll
  • Nonphotosynthetic
  • Absorptive heterotrophs – digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
  • Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
  • Store food energy as glycogen
  • Most are saprobes – live on other dead organisms
  • Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
  • Most are multicellular, but some unicellular like yeast
  • Some are internal or external parasites; a few are predators that capture prey
  • Nonmotile
  • Lack true roots, stems, & leaves
  • Cell walls are made of chitin (a complex polysaccharide)
  • Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae that contain cytoplasm & nuclei
  • Hyphal networks are called mycelium
  • Some are edible
  • Reproduce by sexual & asexual spores
  • Antibiotic penicillin comes from Penicillium mold
  • Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
  • Grow best in warm, moist environments preferring shade
  • Mycology – study of fungi
  • Fungicide – chemicals used to kill fungi
  • Includes yeasts, molds, mushrooms, ringworm, puffballs, rusts, smuts, etc.
  • Fungi may have evolved from prokaryotes by endosymbiosis

Vegetative (nonreproductive) Structures of Fungi

  • Body of a fungus made of tiny filaments or tubes called hyphae
  • Hyphae contain cytoplasm & nuclei and has a cell wall of chitin


HYPHAE

  • Each hyphae is one continuous cell
  •  Hyphae continually grow & branch
  • Septum (septa-plural) are cross walls with pores to allow the movement of cytoplasm in hyphae
  • Hyphae with septa are called septate hyphae
  • Hyphae without septa are called coenocytic hyphae

  • Tangled mats of hyphae are known as mycelium
  • All hyphae within a mycelium share the same cytoplasm so materials move quickly
  • Hyphae grow rapidly from the tips by cell division
  • Stolon is a horizontal hyphae that connects groups of hyphae to each other
  • Rhizoids are rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus

Reproductive Structures

  • Most fungi reproduce asexually & sexually
  • Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical organisms & is the most common method used
  •  Sexual reproduction in fungi occurs when nutrients or water are scarce
  • Fruiting bodies are modified hyphae that make asexual spores
  • Fruiting bodies consist of an upright stalk or sporangiophore with a sac containing spores called the sporangium


SPORANGIOPHORES

  • Types of fruiting bodies include basidia, sporangia, & ascus
  • Spores – haploid cells with dehydrated cytoplasm & a protective coat capable of developing into new individuals
  • Wind, animals, water, & insects spread spores
  • When spore lands on moist surface, new hyphae form

Asexual Reproduction in Fungi

  • Fungi reproduce asexually when environmental conditions are favorable
  • Some unicellular fungi reproduce by mitosis
  • Yeast cells reproduce by budding where a part of the cell pinches off to produce more yeast cells

  • Athlete’s foot fungus reproduce by fragmentation from a small piece of mycelium
  • Most fungi reproduce asexually by spores
  • Penicillium mold produces spores called conidia without a protective sac on the top of a stalk called the conidiophore

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi

  • Fungi reproduce sexually when environmental conditions are unfavorable
  • No male or female fungi
  •  Two mating types — plus (+) and minus (-)
  • Fertilization occurs when (+) hyphae fuse with (-) hyphae to form a 2N or diploid zygote
  • Some fungi show dimorphism (ability to change their form in response to their environmental conditions)

Classification of Fungi

  • Fungi are classified by their reproductive structures
  • The 4 phyla of fungi are Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, & Deuteromycota

Zygomycota

  • Called sporangium fungi or common molds
  • Includes molds & blights such as Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

  • No septa in hyphae (coenocytic)
  • Asexual reproductive structure called sporangium & produces sporangiospores
  • Rhizoids anchor the mold, release digestive enzymes, & absorb food
  • Asexual reproductive structure called sporangium & produces sporangiospores
  • Sexual spore produced by conjugation when (+) hyphae & (-) fuse is called zygospore
  • Zygospores can endure harsh environments until conditions improve & new sporangium

 

 

Basidiomycota

  • Called club fungi
  •  Includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, rusts, & smuts
  • Some are used as food (mushroom) & others cause crop damage (rusts & smuts)
  • Seldom reproduce asexually
  • Basdiocarp made up of stalk called the stipe & a flattened cap
  • Stipe may have a skirt like ring below cap called the annulus
  • Gills are found on the underside of the cap & are lined with basidia
  • Basidium – sexual reproductive structure that make basidiospores
  • Basidiospores are released from the gills & germinate to form new hyphae & mycelia
  • Vegetative structures found below ground & include rhizoids (anchor & absorb nutrients), hyphae, & mycelia

Ascomycota

  • Called sac fungi
  • Includes yeast, cup fungi, truffles, powdery mildew, & morels

  • Some are parasites causing Dutch elm disease & chestnut blight
  • Sac Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually
  •  Yeast reproduce asexually by budding (form small, bud-like cells that break off & make more yeasts)
  • Asexual spores called conidia form on the tips of specialized hyphae called condiophores
  • Ascocarp – specialized hyphae formed by parent fungi during sexual reproduction
  • Ascus – sacs within the ascocarp that form spores called ascospores

Lichens

  • Symbiotic association between a sac fungus & a photosynthetic green algae or cyanobacteria
  • Both organisms benefit (algae makes food & fungus supplies moisture, shelter, & anchorage)
  • Grow on rocks, trees, buildings, etc. & help form soil
  • Crustose lichens grow on rocks & trees; fructose lichens grow shrub-like; foliose lichens grow mat-like on the soil

Mycorrhizae

  • Symbiotic association of a fungus living on plant roots
  • Most plants have mycorrhizae on their roots
  • Fungus absorbs sugars made by plant
  • Plants absorb more water & minerals with aid of the fungus

Importance of Fungi

  • Fungal spores cause allergies
  • Molds, mildew, rusts, & smuts damage crops
  • Yeasts are used to make beer & bread
  •  Antibiotic penicillin
  • Decomposers & recyclers of nutrients
  • Mushrooms eaten as food
  • Help form blue cheeses
  • Aspergillus is used to make soy sauce
  • Cause athlete’s foot & ringworm
  • Amanita is poisonous mushroom
  • Can cause yeast infections

 

Fungi Study Guide B1

Fungi Study Guide

 

Know the following:

 

  • general characteristics of all fungi
  • how fungi get their nutrients
  • what makes up the cell walls of fungi
  • are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic & why
  • can fungi carry on photosynthesis
  • how fungi growing on the roots of plants help them
  • what causes ringworm
  • what are sporangia
  • know the parts of a mushroom & which parts acquire food for the organism
  • how fungi obtain their energy
  • where fungi digest their organic matter
  • what is a hyphae
  • What mats of hypha are called
  • steps in the life cycle of a mold
  • what part of a mold releases enzymes & absorbs digested food
  • what must happen for sexual reproduction to occur between mold hypha
  • examples of club fungi
  • phylum for mushrooms
  • characteristics of sac fungi or ascomycetes
  • what type of spores allow molds to remain dormant during harsh conditions
  • most common member of the zygomycete group
  • what are sporangia & what forms inside them
  • what is an example of a unicellular fungus
  • how do yeasts asexually reproduce
  • what 2 things make up the body of a lichen
  • why are fungi so important to the environment

Genetic Traits Activity

 

Finding Your Genetic Match

Introduction:

Have you ever noticed that brothers or sisters often look alike?  Their inherited traits are what make their physical appearance so similar. An inherited trait is a particular genetically determined characteristic that distinguishes a person. The traits of children are determined by the traits that  are passed on from their parents. Some traits are obvious in a family — a child’s nose is shaped like their mother’s nose, but some traits are less obvious. You may have similar traits to many of your classmates even though you are not related to them. Some examples of often un-noticed human traits are the ability or not to roll your tongue, attached or unattached earlobes, dimples or freckles, naturally curly or straight hair, hitchhiker’s or straight thumb, straight or widow’s peak hairline, smooth or cleft chin, or colorblindness or normal vision.

There are numerous traits in humans, but some traits occur more frequently than others.  Between 70-90% of the human population have free-hanging earlobes, can roll their tongue,  are right-handed, and can taste a chemical called PTC.  These traits are called high frequency traits.

Objective:

Students will determine the presence of certain high frequency traits in themselves & their classmates.

Materials:

Genetic Inventory sheet with pictures, paper, pencil, PTC taste strips.

Procedure:

  1. Identify which of the following 10 human traits you have by placing a check mark beside that trait.
  2. Compare the traits you have with other students in the classroom and find the student you most closely match.

 

 

Human Trait Inventory
Student:
Tongue Roller
Non-Tongue Roller
Attached Earlobes
Unattached earlobes
Dimples
No Dimples
Right-handed
Left-Handed
Widow’s Peak
Straight Hairline
Left Thumb on top when Hands Crossed
Right Thumb on top when Hands Crossed
Hair on mid-digit of hand
No hair on mid-digit of hand
Bent little finger
Straight little finger
Second toe longer than big toe
Second toe not longer than big toe
Can Taste PTC
Can Not Taste PTC
Vulcan (Fingers spread 2 by 2)
None Vulcan
Class Match:

 

 

 

Tongue Roller Non Roller Dimples No Dimples
Attached Earlobes Unattached Earlobes Widow’s Peak Straight Hairline
Longer Second Toe Short Second Toe Bent Little finger Hitchhiker’s Thumb
Attached Ear lobes (left)
Unattached ear Lobes (right)		 “VULCAN” or No “VULCAN” Dimples Right/Left Thumb on top

 

Genetics Study Guide BI

Genetics Study Guide 

The two genes or alleles that combine to determine a trait would be the organism’s _______________.
Type AB blood, having two genes dominant for a trait, is an example of ________.
State Mendel’s law of segregation.
Rr x Rr is an example of what type of cross —– P1, F1, or F2?
If both alleles are the same in a genotype, is the genotype homozygous or heterozygous?
Which cross is a cross between two hybrids —– P1, F1, or F2?
__________ dominance results in the blending of genes in the hybrid. Give an example using flower color.
What is another term for a heterozygous genotype?
The _____________ is the physical feature such as round peas that results from a genotype.
How many traits are involved in a monohybrid cross?
What type of organism was used in the first genetic studies done by Gregor Mendel?
What is a karyotype?
The two genes for a trait represented by capital & lower case letters are called __________.
How many traits are involved in a dihybrid cross?
Which of Mendel’s laws states that the dominant gene in a pair will be expressed?
If both alleles are the same, is the genotype homozygous or heterozygous? Write an example.
Write an example of a hybrid or heterozygous genotype.
The genes for sex-linked traits are only carried on which chromosome?
Who is considered to be the “father of genetics”?
A second filial or F2 cross is also called a ____________ cross.
The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis (egg & sperm formation) is known as _________________.
A cross between two pure or homozygous organisms is called what type of cross —– P1, F1, or F2?
What genetic disorder results from a sex-linked trait that affects color vision?
The genetic disorder called _______________ is known as the “free bleeders” disease.
Having three 21st chromosomes causes the genetic disorder known as _________.
A person suffering from the genetic disorder called ______________ can not digest fats.
_____________________ disease is a genetic disorder where red blood cells carry less oxygen.
Work a P1 cross for plant height in peas.
Work an F1 cross for plant height in peas.
BACK

 

Genetics PPT Questions

 

 

Mendelian Genetics
PowerPoint Questions
Gregor Mendel

1. Who is responsible for our laws of inheritance?

2. What organism did Mendel study?

3. When was Mendel’s work recognized?

4. When did Mendel perform his experiments & how many plants did he grow?

5. What did Mendel notice about offspring traits?

6. How is Mendel referred to today?

7. In what country did Mendel do his research on peas?

8. Mendel stated that physical traits were inherited as _______________.

9. Today we know that particles are actually what?

Terminology

10. Define these three terms:
a. trait –

 

b. heredity –

c. genetics –

 

11. Name & describe two types of genetic crosses.

 

 

12. What is used to solve genetic crosses?

13. Sketch a Punnett square & show how they are  used to solve a genetics problems.

 

 

 

14. Use a Punnett square to solve a cross between two parents that both have the genotype Yy.

 

 

 

 

15. What are alleles & what are the two forms?

 

16. Explain the difference between dominant & recessive alleles.

 

 

17. Using a letter of the alphabet, show how each allele would be represented.

 

18. What is a genotype and write 3 possible genotypes?

 

19. What is a phenotype and write possible phenotypes for your genotypes in question 18?

 

20. Using these alleles, R = red flower and r = yellow flowers, write all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

 

21. What are homozygous genotypes?

 

22. Write a homozygous dominant genotype.

23. Write a homozygous recessive genotype.

24. What is meant by a heterozygous genotype?

 

25. Write a heterozygous genotype.

26. Heterozygous  genotypes are also called _____________.

27. What two things actually determine an organism’s characteristics?

Pea Experiments

28. Give 4 reasons that Mendel used garden peas, Pisum sativum, for his experiments.

 

 

 

29. Name the male and female parts of a flowering plant and explain how pollination occurs.

 

 

30. What is the difference between self and cross pollination?

 

31. Explain how Mendel cross pollinated his pea plants.

 

 

32. How did Mendel get pure plants?

33. Name 8 pea plant traits and give the dominant & recessive form of each.

 

 

 

 

 

34. How did Mendel’s experimental results compare to the theoretical genotypic ratios? Explain.

 

35. What does P1 mean?

36. What is the F1 generation?

37. What is the F2 generation?

38. What results from this cross — TT  x  tt?

39. What results do you get from crossing two hybrids (Tt   x  Tt)?

 

40. Show all your work for solving a P1 monohybrid cross for seed shape.
Trait:
Alleles:

P1 cross:  __________ x __________

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

 

41. The offspring of the above cross are called the _____ generation.

42. Show all your work for solving a F1 monohybrid cross for seed shape.
Trait:
Alleles:

F1 cross:  __________ x __________

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

43. Show all your work for solving both F2 monohybrid crosses for seed shape.

Trait:
Alleles:

F2 cross:  ________ x ________  F2 cross:  ________ x ________

 

 

 

 

Genotype ____________                  Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________                   Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________                   G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________                    P. Ratio _____________

Mendel’s Laws

Complete the following question:

44. _________ are responsible for inherited traits.

45. Phenotype is based on _______________.

46. Each trait requires _____ genes, one from each ____________.

47. State the Law of Dominance and give an example.

 

 

48. State the Law of Segregation and tell when alleles are “recombined”.

 

 

49. State the Law of Independent assortment & tell what type of crosses show this.

 

 

50. Using the formula 2n where n = the number of heterozygotes, tell how many gametes will be produced by each of the following allele combinations:
a. RrYy
b. AaBbCCDd
c. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq

51. What are the possible allele combinations in the egg and sperm from the following cross — RrYy x RrYy.

 

52. Show how to work an F1 dihybrid cross for seed shape & seed color.

Traits:
Alleles:

 

 

F1 cross   __________ x __________

 

 

 

GR         Genotypes           PR         Phenotypes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53. Complete this cross or crosses for eye color & curliness of the hair — bbC__ x bbcc.

 

 

 

 

54. Draw a table summarizing Mendel’s 3 laws.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Incomplete and Co-Dominance

55. Incomplete dominance occurs in __________ and produces a phenotype _______________ the phenotype of the two parents.

56. Show your work solving a cross for flower color in snapdragons when there is incomplete dominance.

Trait:
Alleles:

Cross:  RR x rr

 

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

57. What is codominance & give an example?

 

58. Write the genotypes for each of these blood types:

type A
type B
type AB
type O

59. Solve this codominance problem: IBIB x IAi.

 

 

 

60. Solve this codominance problem for blood type: ii x IAIB.

 

 

 

Sex-Linked Traits

61. What are sex linked traits?

 

62. Name the sex chromosomes.

63. Write the genotype for male and for female.

64. Most sex-linked traits are carried on what chromosome?

65. Give an example of a sex-linked trait in fruit flies.

66. Show the results of crossing a red-eyed male (XRY)  with a white-eyed female (XrXr) fruit fly.
RR =
Rr =
rr =
XY =
XX =

Cross:    __________ x __________

 

 

 

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

67. What is meant by a female carrier?

 

68. Name a disease that can be carried in this manner.