Category: Curriculum Map

Genetics Worksheet Bi Chapter 9

 Fundamentals of Genetics

Section 9-1 Mendel’s Legacy

1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity?

2. Define heredity.

3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments?

4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel’s experiments.

5. In order to study pea plant traits, Mendel had to control __________________ among the plants.

6. Define pollination & name 2 types.

7. How do pea plants normally pollinate?

8. How can cross-pollination of pea plants be done?

9. How did Mendel obtain pure pea plants?

10. What is the P1 generation? How is it obtained?

11. What is the F1 generation &how is it obtained?

12. How did Mendel obtain his F2 generation?

13. When Mendel crossed his P1 plants to get the F1 generation, what ratio did he get?

14. What is the difference between dominant & recessive genes?

15. State Mendel’s law of segregation.

16. What are alleles?

Section 9-2 Genetic Crosses

17 What is the difference between genotypes & phenotypes?

18. Write the 2 genotypes for a purple flower.

19. Write the genotype for a white flower.

20. What is the difference in a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype?

21. What is  probability & tell 3 ways they can be expressed.

22. What is the probability that you will get “heads” each time you flip a coin?

23. What is a monohybrid cross?

24. Give an example of a monohybrid cross.

25. What is a Punnett Square used for?

26. Sketch the Punnett Square for crossing a pure purple flower with a white flower.

27. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross — PP x pp.

28. What percentage of the offspring from this cross are purple? White?

29. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross in guinea pigs — BB x Bb. Hint: See page 174.

30. In the above cross, what coat colors & percents did you get?

31. What phenotype (coat color) would each of these guinea pig genotypes result in:

        a. Bb?

        b. BB?

        c. bb?

32. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross for coat color in rabbits: Bb x Bb?

33. What percent of the rabbits will have black fur? Brown fur? What ratio does this give for coat color?

34. Define genotypic ratio.

35. What is the genotypic ratio for all F1 crosses (bb x Bb)?

36. Define phenotypic ratio.

37. What is the phenotypic ratio for all F1 crosses?

38. What is a testcross?

39. A testcross can determine which individual’s phenotype is ________________________.

40. Use a Punnett Square to solve the following 2 testcrosses:

        a. BB x Bb

        b. bb x Bb

41. In each of the above testcrosses, tell how many offspring have black coats (dominant) and how many will have brown (recessive) coats?

42. What does complete dominance mean?

43. Give an example of complete dominance in pea plants.

44. What is incomplete dominance?

45. How many alleles influence the phenotype in:

        a. complete dominance?

        b. incomplete dominance?

46. Using four-o-clocks, give an example of how incomplete dominance occurs. Be sure to tell all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

47. Give the following ratios for crossing 2 pink four-o-clocks (Rr x Rr):

        a. Genotypic ratio?

        b. Phenotypic ratio?

48. Define codominance.

49. In what genotype does codominance appear?

50. In horses, _________________ coat color is a result of codominance.

51. Write the genotype for roan coat color & tell the color of each allele in the genotype.

52. What is a dihybrid cross?

53. How many different genotypes will result in a dihybrid cross when 2 homozygous organisms are crossed?

54. The offspring from a dihybrid cross of 2 homozygous organisms will all be __________________________.

55. Use a Punnett Square to show the results of the following cross: RrYy x RrYy

56. How many different genotypes resulted from this cross?

57. How many different phenotypes resulted from this cross?

58. Write the genotypes for each of these phenotypes:

        a. Round, green seeds

        b. Wrinkled, yellow seeds

        c. Wrinkled, green seeds

Graphing Practice

Graphing Practice

Introduction

  • Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment
  • Line graphs must be constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected
  • Many times the wrong construction of a graph detracts from the acceptance of an individual’s hypothesis
  • A graph contains five major parts:
    a. Title
    b. The independent variable
    c. The dependent variable
    d. The scales for each variable
    e. A legend
  • The title: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an idea about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph.
  • The Independent Variable: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours), depth (feet, meters), temperature (Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis).
  • The Dependent Variable: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens because of the independent variable. Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water. This variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis.
  • The Scales for each Variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values.
  • The Legend: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph’s data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph.
  • The Mean for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide the sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average.
  • The median for a group of variables: To determine median or “middle” for an even number of values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values.    e.g.    2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10     Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5
  • The mode for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that occurs most frequently.     e.g.   2, 5,  8, 2,  6,  11    The number 2 is the mode because it occurred most often (twice)  

Procedure 1:
Using the following data, answer the questions below and then construct a line graph.

 

Depth in meters Number of Bubbles / minute Plant A Number of Bubbles / minute Plant B
2 29 21
5 36 27
10 45 40
16 32 50
25 20 34
30 10 20

 

 

1. What is the dependent variable and why?  

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What title would you give the graph? .

4. What are the mean, median, and mode of all 3 columns of data? 

a). Depth :                      Mean____________Median__________Mode________ 

b). Bubble Plant A.:        Mean ____________Median_________Mode________ 

c). Bubbles Plant B:        Mean ____________Median_________Mode________

Graph Title: _________________________________________________________

Legend: ______________________________________________________________ 

Procedure 2:
Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death. 

Answer the following questions concerning the data below and then graph it.  

 

Time After Eating hours Glucose mg /dL of Blood Person A Glucose mg /dL of Blood Person B
0.5 170 180
1 155 195
1.5 140 230
2 135 245
2.5 140 235
3 135 225
4 130 200

 

 1. What is the dependent variable and why?

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What title would you give the graph?

4. Which, if any, of the above individuals (A or B) has diabetes? 

5. What data do you have to support your hypothesis? 

6. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would the expected blood glucose level for Person B? 

Title: ________________________________________________________________

Legend: ______________________________________________________________

Summary:
1. What conclusions can be determined from the data in graph 1?

2. What conclusions can be determined from the data in graph 2?

3. Can the data in each of these graphs be used to construct other types of graphs?

4. If so, what other graph types can be constructed?

 
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Pig Heart Dissection

 

Heart Dissection

Introduction
Mammals have four-chambered hearts and double circulation. The heart of a bird or mammal has two atria and two completely separated ventricles. The double-loop circulation is similar to amphibians and reptiles, but the oxygen-rich blood is completely separated from oxygen-poor blood. The left side of the heart handles only oxygenated blood, and the right side receives and pumps only deoxygenated blood. With no mixing of the two kinds of blood, and with a double circulation that restores pressure after blood has passed through the lung capillaries, delivery of oxygen to all parts of the body for cellular respiration is enhanced. As endotherms, which use heat released from metabolism to warm the body, mammals require more oxygen per gram of body weight than other vertebrates of equal size. Birds and mammals descended from different reptilian ancestors, and their four-chambered hearts evolved independently – an example of convergent evolution.

Objective
Using a pig heart, students will observe the major chambers, valves, and vessels of the heart and be able to describe the circulation of blood through the heart to the lungs and back and out to the rest of the body. (The pig heart is used because it is very similar to the human heart in structure, size, & function.)

Materials
Dissecting pan, dissecting kit, safety glasses, lab apron, pig heart, & gloves

Procedure – External Structure

  1. Place a heart in a dissecting pan & rinse off the excess preservative with tap water. Pat the heart dry.
  2. Examine the heart and locate the thin membrane or pericardium that still covers the heart. The pericardium or pericardial sac, is a double-layered closed sac that surrounds the heart and anchors it.  The pericardium consists of two tissues layers – the visceral pericardium that covers the surface of the heart & the parietal pericardium covering the inner surface of the parietal sac. These two tissue layers are continuous with each other where the vessels enter or leave the heart. The slender gap between the parietal & visceral surfaces is the pericardial cavity & is filled with fluid to reduce friction between the layers as the heart pumps.
  3. After examining the pericardium, carefully remove this tissue. Located below the pericardium is the muscle of your heart called the myocardium. Most of the myocardium is located in the lower two chambers of the heart called ventricles.
  4. Locate the tip of the heart or the apex. Only the left ventricle extends all the way to the apex.
  5. Place the heart in the dissecting pan so that the front or ventral side is towards you ( the major blood vessels are on the top and the apex is down). The front of the heart is recognized by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end of the heart diagonally to a point above & to your left of the apex.


Front or Ventral Side of the Heart

  1. The heart is now in the pan in the position it would be in a body as you face the body. Locate the following chambers of the heart from this surface:
    • Left atria – upper chamber to your right
    • Left ventricle – lower chamber to your right
    • Right atria – upper chamber to your left
    • Right ventricle – lower chamber to your left

pig heart dissection

  1. While the heart is still in this position in the dissecting pan, locate these blood vessels at the broad end of the heart:
  • Coronary artery – this blood vessel lies in the groove on the front of the heart & it branches over the front & the back side of the heart to supply fresh blood with oxygen & nutrients to the heart muscle itself.
  • Pulmonary artery – this blood vessel branches & carries blood to the lungs to receive oxygen & can be found curving out of the right ventricle (upper chamber to your left)
  • Aorta – major vessel located near the right atria & just behind the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Locate the curved part of this vessel known as the aortic arch. Branching from the aortic arch is a large artery that supplies blood to the upper body.
  • Pulmonary veins – these vessels return oxygenated blood from the right & left lungs to the left atrium (upper chamber on your right)
  • Inferior & Superior Vena Cava – these two blood vessels are located on your left of the heart and connect to the right atrium (upper chamber on your left).  Deoxygenated blood enters the body through these vessels into the right receiving chamber.  Use your probe to feel down into the right atrium. These vessels do not contain valves to control blood flow.

 

Procedure – Internal Anatomy:

  1. Use scissors to cut through the side of the pulmonary artery and continue cutting down into the wall of the right ventricle. Be careful to just cut deep enough to go through the wall of the heart chamber. (Your cutting line should be above & parallel to the groove of the coronary artery.)
  2. With your fingers, push open the heart at the cut to examine the internal structure. If there is dried blood inside the chambers, rinse out the heart.
  3. Locate the right atrium. Notice the thinner muscular wall of this receiving chamber.
  4.  Find where the inferior & superior vena cava enter this chamber & notice the lack of valves.
  5. Locate the valve that between the right atrium and right ventricle. This is called the tricuspid valve. The valve consists of three leaflets & has long fibers of connective tissue called chordae tendinae that attach it to papillary muscles of the heart. This valve allows blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle during diastole (period when the heart is relaxed). When the heart begins to contract (systole phase), ventricular pressure increases until it is greater than the pressure in the atrium causing the tricuspid to snap closed.


Tricuspid Valve

  1. Use your fingers to feel the thickness of the right ventricle and its smooth lining. Also note the network of irregular muscular cords on the inner wall of this chamber.
  2. Find the septum on the right side of the right ventricle. This thick muscular wall separates the right & left pumping ventricles from each other.
  3. Inside the right ventricle, locate the pulmonary artery that carries blood away from this chamber. Find the one-way valve called the pulmonary valve that controls blood flow away from the right ventricle at the entrance to this blood vessel.
  4. Using your scissors, continue to cut open the heart.  Start a cut on the outside of the left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to the septum at the center groove. Push open the heart at this cut with your fingers & rinse out any dried blood with water.
  5. Examine the left atrium. Find the openings of the pulmonary veins form the lungs. Observe the one-way, semi-lunar valves at the entrance to these veins.
  6. Inside this chamber, look for the valve that controls blood flow between the upper left atrium and lower left ventricle. This valve is called the bicuspid or mitral valve. This valve consists of two leaflets & blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle during diastole.

 

The mitral valve
Bicuspid or Mitral Valve

  1. Examine the left ventricle. Notice the thickness of the ventricular wall. This heart chamber is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
  2. Using your scissors, cut across the left ventricle toward the aorta & continue cutting to expose the valve.
  3. Count the three flaps or leaflets on this valve leading from the left ventricle into the aorta and note their half-moon shape. This is called the aortic valve.
  4. Using scissors, cut through the aorta and examine the inside. Find the hole or coronary sinus in the wall of this major artery. This leads into the coronary artery which carries blood to and nourishes the heart muscle itself.
  5. Answer the questions on your lab report.

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When you have finished dissecting the heart, dispose of the heart as your teacher advises and clean, dry, and return all dissecting equipment to the lab cart. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

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