My Classroom Material 193 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 19 – Control of Eukaryotic Genome

AP Biology: CHAPTER 19

CONTROL OF EUKARYOTIC GENOME

1. Outline the levels of DNA packing within the eukaryote nucleus.

2. What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin? Which is transcribed?

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3. Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin?

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4. How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare?

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5. Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of ______________________________

6. What is the cause of Fragile X?

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7. What is the cause of Huntington’s disease?

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8. Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA?

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9. What is a multigene family?

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10. Multigene families are hypothesized to have evolved from…

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11. How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals?

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12. Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression.

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13. How can transposons alter gene expression?

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14. How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies?

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15. Review the opportunities for gene regulation in eukaryotes in the diagram.

16. Where is the most important step in gene regulation?

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17. Describe the effect of each of the following control mechanisms.

a. DNA methylation ________________________________________________________

b. Histone acetylation _______________________________________________________

c. Transcription factors ______________________________________________________

d. Control elements ________________________________________________________

e. Enhancers _____________________________________________________________

f. Activators ______________________________________________________________

g. DNA-binding domain _____________________________________________________

18. How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?

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19. How does RNA degradation affect gene expression?

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20. How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression?

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21. Identify the opportunities to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

22. Typically, what happens to cell function when cells become cancerous?

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23. What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs?

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24. List the three events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.

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25. Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer.

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26. What is p53?

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27. Why is it said that cancer formation is a multi-step process?

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AP Lecture Guide 05A – Macromolecules

AP Biology: CHAPTER 5A

MACROMOLECULES

1. Define the following:

a. monomer _______________________________________________________________

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b. polymer _________________________________________________________________

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c. condensation reaction _____________________________________________________

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d. hydrolysis _______________________________________________________________

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2. Which foods do you think will enter the blood the quickest? Why?

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3. What are the general roles of carbohydrates? ______________________________________

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4. List some monosaccharides with their molecular formulas.

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5. Double sugars are called ______________________________________________________

6. List the monosaccharides that form each:

a. maltose _________________________________________________________________

b. sucrose _________________________________________________________________

c. lactose __________________________________________________________________

6. Polymers of sugars form _______________________________________________________

7. Which forms of polysaccharide is best for each function:

a. Strength of structure _______________________________________________________

b. Storage and sugar release __________________________________________________

c. What theme is this addressing? ______________________________________________

8. How does the alpha differ from the beta form of glucose and why is it significant to animals?

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9. How do the role and structure of the following polysaccharides compare?

a. starch___________________________________________________________________

b. glycogen ________________________________________________________________

c. cellulose_________________________________________________________________

10. Ninety percent of Asians, 75% of African-Americans, and a much smaller percent of

northern Europeans are lactose intolerant. Why do you suppose we see this pattern?

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AP Lecture Guide 20 – DNA Technology

AP Biology: Chapter 20

DNA TECHNOLOGY

1. Define biotechnology.

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2. What is meant by “recombinant DNA technology?”

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3. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.

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4. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology?

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5. What are other organisms used in biotechnology?

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6. How does gene cloning differ from human cloning?

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7. Why is DNA cloning considered an important technology?

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8. What are plasmids?

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9. What is the function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

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10. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?

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11. How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?

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12. What is a genomic library?

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13. How is cDNA different from typical eukaryote DNA?

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14. Describe the steps involved in cloning a gene.

15. How can transformed bacteria that carry genes of interest be identified and isolated from the majority of non-transformed bacteria?

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16. What can be accomplished with Nucleic Acid Hybridization?

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17. What is the purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

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18. List some advantages & uses of the PCR technique.

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19. How are DNA fragments of different sizes separated?

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20. What is a RFLP? How are they made?

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21. What does the technique of Southern Blotting accomplish?

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22. What are some other techniques that build on the Southern Blotting technique?

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23. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

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24. List some of the most important things we learned by completing the Human Genome Project.

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25. What is the Sanger Sequencing Method used for?

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26. How does the shot-gun approach differ from the whole-genome sequencing?

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27. In the future, DNA chips may be used for regular diagnostics. What do the florescent spots indicate when the chip is read?

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28. How can DNA technology be used to diagnose a carrier of a genetic disorder?

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29. What is the goal of gene therapy?

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30. How has forensics made use of DNA technology? Give a specific example.

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31. What is currently used by the FBI to do a DNA fingerprint in a criminal investigation?

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32. What technique has been used to modify agricultural plants?

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33. List a few of the traits that have been engineered into agricultural plants? Could any of these

pose an environmental threat?

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AP Lecture Guide 05B – Macromolecules

AP Biology: CHAPTER 5B

MACROMOLECULES

1. What is the characteristic common to lipids? _______________________________________

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2. Lipids are synthesized by the chemical reaction ____________________________________

and broken down by the reaction ________________________________________________

3. What makes fats hydrophobic? _________________________________________________

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4. State at least two differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.

a. _________________________________________________________________________

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b. _________________________________________________________________________

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5. How do phospholipids interact in an aqueous solution?

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6. Make a diagram of phospholipid interactions that form membranes.

7. Sketch the common building block of steroids.

8. List several functions of proteins.

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9. What are the three properties used to classify amino acids?

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10. Sketch two amino acids side-by-side, on one of them label the functional groups, then show how the two can be joined together.

11. What determines the primary structure of a protein? _________________________________

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12. Describe the four levels of protein structure:

a. Primary _________________________________________________________________

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b. Secondary ______________________________________________________________

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c. Tertiary _________________________________________________________________

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d. Quaternary ______________________________________________________________

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13. What happens to a protein during denaturation? ____________________________________

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14. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? ______________________________________

15. Briefly describe two functions of DNA in the cell.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

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b. ________________________________________________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 22 – Descent with Modification

AP Biology: CHAPTER 22- DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

1. Identify the three significant historical themes that set the stage for Darwinian evolutionary

theory.

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2. What were the two major points made in The Origin of Species?

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3. What were the conventional paradigms in the 1800’s when Darwin developed his theories?

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4. What was the contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to the evolutionary theories?

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5. How did the study of fossils help Darwin shape his theories?

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6. How did geological gradualism and uniformitarianism influence Darwin?

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7. Identify the two principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

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8. How did the observations during his voyage on the Beagle influence Darwin’s theories?

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9. Why were the Galápagos Islands so important to Darwin’s observations?

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10. What are the elements for the formation of new species?

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11. What is the driving force behind the evolution of the 14 species of finches on the

Galapagos?

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12. What was Wallace’s role in the Theory of Natural Selection?

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13. What were the main points of The Origin of Species?

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14. Define Descent with Modification.

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15. How does the “tree analogy” represent the evolutionary relationships of creatures?

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16. Summarize the observations and inferences recognized as the backbone of evolution by

natural selection.

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17. Observations:

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________________________

e. ______________________________________________________________________

18. Inferences:

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

19. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution?

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20. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural

selection.

a. Paleontology ____________________________________________________________

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b. Biogeography ___________________________________________________________

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c. Resistance to insecticides _________________________________________________

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d. Drug Resistance _________________________________________________________

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e. Homology ______________________________________________________________

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f. Homologous structures ___________________________________________________

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g. Vestigial organs _________________________________________________________

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h. Embryology ____________________________________________________________

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i. Biochemical similarity _____________________________________________________

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