My Classroom Material 193 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 23 – The Evolution of Populations

AP Biology: CHAPTER 23- THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS

1. How does the “modern synthesis” theory of evolution differ from Darwin’s Theory of Natural

Selection?

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2. Population genetics puts a mathematical approach to the study of microevolution. Define

each of the terms commonly used in population genetics.

a. population: _____________________________________________________________

b. gene pool: ______________________________________________________________

c. gene frequency: _________________________________________________________

3. What are the gene frequencies for the red and white flowers?

a. p = ____________________________________________________________________

b. q = ____________________________________________________________________

4. List the five condition that must be met by a populations to insure stability (no evolution).

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________________________

e. ______________________________________________________________________

5. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg distribution of genes in a population, write the equation that

describes genotype frequencies.

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6. Define the following:

a. p2 = ___________________________________________________________________

b. 2pq = __________________________________________________________________

c. q2 = ___________________________________________________________________

7. Work out these practice problems. Find both the gene and genotype frequencies:

a. In Drosophilia, the allele for normal length wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial

wings. In a population of 1,000 individuals, 160 show the recessive phenotype.

b. The allele for the hair pattern called “widow’s peak” is dominant over the allele for no

“widow’s peak.” In a population of 1,000 individuals, 360 show the dominant phenotype.

8. What is the H-W assumption that is broken when genetic drift occurs? Explain

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9. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each.

a. Founders effect: _________________________________________________________

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b. Bottleneck effect _________________________________________________________

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10. How do each of the following break H-W assumptions?

a. natural selection: ________________________________________________________

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b. gene flow: ______________________________________________________________

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c. mutation: _______________________________________________________________

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d. selective mating: _________________________________________________________

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11. Why is genetic variation important to evolution?

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12. How can populations vary along a geographic axis compared to isolated populations?

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13. What is the role of mutations to forming variation?

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14. What factors of sexual reproduction lead to variations within a population?

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15. How does diploidy preserve variation?

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16. What is “balanced polymorphism?”

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17. How can parasites contribute to balanced polymorphism?

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18. In a biological sense, what is fitness?

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19. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection.

20. What is the effect of sexual selection?

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21. For each of the following, give an example or describe what is meant by the statement.

a. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms: _____________________________

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b. Evolution is limited by historical constraints: ___________________________________

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c. Adaptations are often compromises: _________________________________________

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d. Not all evolution is adaptive: _______________________________________________

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e. Selection can only edit existing variations: ____________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 07 – The Cell

AP Biology: CHAPTER 7

THE CELL

1. The tool that lead to the understanding that cells are the basic unit of life was the…

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2. The smallest structures visible with the light microscope are the ….

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3. What is the advantage of the electron microscope?

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4. How do biologists isolate cell components?

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5. What are four things all cells have in common?

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________________________________

4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

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5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

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6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

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7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

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AP Lecture Guide 25 – Phylogeny and Systematics

AP Biology: CHAPTER 25: PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

1. What is phylogeny?

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2. How are fossils significant to our study of biology?

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3. Review these key points in the study of fossils:

a. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils.

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b. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils.

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c. The fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history.

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d. Phylogeny has a biogeographic basis in continental drift.

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e. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinctions.

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4. List examples of fossils. ______________________________________________________

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5. What techniques do relative dating use to place fossils in their place in geologic time?

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6. What marks the separation between the major eras in the geologic time scale?

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7. How does absolute dating compare to relative dating?

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8. Describe the two main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

9. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures with modern

phylogenetic systematics?

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10. What does a phylogenic tree show?

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11. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify three pitfalls scientists might

encounter classifying creatures.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

12. What do scientists use when placing an organism on a cladistic diagram?

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13. How have molecular clocks influenced our thoughts on evolutionary paths?

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14. Why is the four chamber heart a poor choice of structure to place creatures on a phylogenic

tree?

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15. Why are crocodiles now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles?

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AP Lecture Guide 07 – Cell Organelles

CELL ORGANELLES

Explain how the following organelles work together to perform the life functions of the cell

1. Nucleus and ribosomes

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2. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

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7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

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AP Lecture Guide 26 – Origin of Life

AP Biology: CHAPTER 26: ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. Start with the origin of the earth and identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for

each of the following steps leading to current life forms on earth.

a. Origin of the earth ________________________________________________________

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b. Prokaryotes _____________________________________________________________

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c. Oxidizing atmosphere _____________________________________________________

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d. Eukaryotic cells __________________________________________________________

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e. Multicellular life __________________________________________________________

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2. What was significant about the discovery of the iron oxide bands in the sedimentary layers.

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3. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ___________________________________________

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4. Why did evolution seem to slow 750 to 570 million years ago?

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5. What was special about the Cambrium Explosion?

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6. Describe a few adaptations essential for the invasion of plants onto land.

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7. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life

a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth

b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis

c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers

d. RNA may have been the first genetic material

e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly

f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information

g. Debate about the origin of life abounds

8. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. _______________________

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9. What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate with his experiment? ___________________________

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10. List the four stages for the formation of life.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

11. What metabolic processes would you expect to see in protobionts?

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12. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code?

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13. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey accomplish?

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14. What are some of the possible locations for the first life forms?

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15. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus?

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16. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress?

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17. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification?

a. ________________________________________________________________________

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b. ________________________________________________________________________

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18. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?

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19. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer.

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20. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of

life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or

DNA), Membrane transport

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21. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis

hypothesis.

22. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, and the geologic eras the

origin of life on Earth.