My Classroom Material 192 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Study Guide Unit 3 Cell Energetics

Unit 3 Cellular Energetics

What form of energy is the most random?

What changes occur in H, S, and G when a protein forms from amino acids?

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

Explain the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Is a chemical reaction with a positive G endergonic or exergonic?

List the properties of enzymes.

Why is ATP an important metabolic molecule?

Describe the change in free energy at equilibrium.

Increasing substrate concentration has what effect on competitive inhibition?

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

When energy is transformed, what is the effect on entropy in the system?

If temperature is kept uniform in a system, free energy will be what?

If products have less free energy than reactants, is the reaction endergonic or exergonic?

What is catabolism?

How is energy obtained from ATP to energize cellular processes?

If the concentration of reactants is decreased, what effect will this have on the rate of the reaction/

What type of pathways are coupled with anabolic pathways to supply ATP to cells?

Explain enzyme cooperativity & allosteric sites.

Explain the induced fit explanation for enzymes & substrates.

What is free energy?

Describe CO2 fixation & the Calvin cycle in CAM plants.

Photorespiration decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis because it removes what from the Calvin cycle?

What is synthesize across thylakoid membranes?

Why can C4 plants better at photosynthesis without photorespiration?

What pigments can absorb light energy?

Proton gradient are responsible for producing what energy molecules?

Give 2 examples of products of the Calvin cycle that are used in the light reactions?

What 2 main energy molecules are products of the light reactions?

Is glucose required for the Calvin cycle? Explain.

In what reactions is glyceraldehyde phosphate produced?

If a pigment appears red to your eyes, what color of light is not being absorbed?

During what process is CO2 incorporated into PGA?

The chemiosomotic process in chloroplasts occurs when what type of gradient is established?

Name the most abundant protein (enzyme) in the world.

In what tissue does carbon fixation occur in C4 plants before being transferred to bundle-sheath cells?

Photosystem II uses which chlorophyll a molecule?

What gas is required and which gas is not required for photosynthesis to occur?

What is the primary energy source for plants? for animals?

What enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation?

Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

What type of plants fix CO2 into organic acids during the day?

When does the Calvin cycle in most plants occur?

Which color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis?

Cyclic electron flow in chloroplasts produces what energy molecule?

Where does the ETS in plants occur?

In terms of energy how are photosynthesis & cellular respiration related?

In what 2 membranes in plant cells is ATP synthetase found?

Is oxygen released in the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis?

Does photophosphorylation occur in Photosystem II?

In which photosystem is water split?

Which process does not give a net gain in ATP —glycolysis, aerobic respiration, or fermentation?

Which would release more energy from glucose — combustion or cellular respiration?

Is ATP a product of lactate fermentation?

If a metabolic poison interferes with glycolysis, what must its structure be most like?

Are water and CO2 end products of glycolysis?

Which has more energy —NAD or NADH?

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs across ___________in a cell.

which has more energy — glucose at the start of glycolysis or the 2 pyruvate molecules at the end of glycolysis?

Molecular oxygen supplies the oxygen atoms during oxidative phosphorylation to form what?

What is chemiosmosis?

Lactate is a byproduct of fermentation in what type of animal cells?

What type of enzyme in cellular respiration helps remove electrons from organic molecules?

The ETS helps a cell generate what energy molecule?

Will glycolysis occur if oxygen is present? Is oxygen needed for the process?

The difference in H+ concentration of either side of the mitochondrial membrane drives the synthesis of what molecule?

Where in a cell will the enzymes needed for glycolysis be found?

Citric acid has 6 carbons. In the Krebs cycle 2 CO2 molecules are given off before succinic acid is formed. How many carbons will succinic acid have?

During substrate-phosphorylation, how many ATP molecules are made each cycle?

Isocritic acid has 6 carbons while ketoglutaric acid in the Krebs cycle only has 5 carbons. What happened to the “missing” carbon?

What gas accepts electrons at the end of the ETS?

Substrate-level phosphorylation during fermentation generates what molecule?

Acetyl CoA is made in muscle cells only under what conditions?

The end products of glycolysis are ATP, NADH, and what carbon molecule?

What 2 electron acceptor molecules in the Krebs cycle convert their energy to ATP in the ETS?

In chemiosmotic phosphorylation what is the direct energy source that drives the conversion of ADP + free P into ATP?

The glycolysis of glucose by a yeast cell nets how many ATP’s?

What intermediary metabolite of pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle?

How is a proton gradient established in the mitochondria?

How many O2 molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of glucose?

What type of animal tissue has a high ATP requirement?

AP Lecture Guide 02 & 03 – Chemical Context of Life & Water

AP Biology: CHAPTERS 2 & 3

CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE & WATER

1. What are the most common elements in the human?

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2. Helium has an atomic number of 2 and atomic mass of 4. Explain.

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3. Define isotope and give some examples.

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4. How are isotopes used in biology?

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5. What happens when electrons change levels?

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6. What is the significance of valence numbers?

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7. Why do atoms form covalent vs. ionic bonds?

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8. How do non-polar covalent bonds differ from polar covalent bonds?

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9. What is a hydrogen bond? How does it form and how is it different from a covalent bond?

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10. Sketch a few molecules of water, indicate their polarity, and where H bonds form.

11. Why is H bonding so important to water’s properties?

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12. List the “special” properties of water and give an example of why the property may be

important to living things.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

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b. ________________________________________________________________________

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c. ________________________________________________________________________

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d. ________________________________________________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 19 – Control of Eukaryotic Genome

AP Biology: CHAPTER 19

CONTROL OF EUKARYOTIC GENOME

1. Outline the levels of DNA packing within the eukaryote nucleus.

2. What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin? Which is transcribed?

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3. Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin?

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4. How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare?

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5. Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of ______________________________

6. What is the cause of Fragile X?

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7. What is the cause of Huntington’s disease?

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8. Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA?

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9. What is a multigene family?

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10. Multigene families are hypothesized to have evolved from…

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11. How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals?

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12. Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression.

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13. How can transposons alter gene expression?

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14. How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies?

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15. Review the opportunities for gene regulation in eukaryotes in the diagram.

16. Where is the most important step in gene regulation?

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17. Describe the effect of each of the following control mechanisms.

a. DNA methylation ________________________________________________________

b. Histone acetylation _______________________________________________________

c. Transcription factors ______________________________________________________

d. Control elements ________________________________________________________

e. Enhancers _____________________________________________________________

f. Activators ______________________________________________________________

g. DNA-binding domain _____________________________________________________

18. How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?

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19. How does RNA degradation affect gene expression?

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20. How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression?

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21. Identify the opportunities to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

22. Typically, what happens to cell function when cells become cancerous?

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23. What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs?

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24. List the three events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.

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25. Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer.

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26. What is p53?

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27. Why is it said that cancer formation is a multi-step process?

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AP Lecture Guide 05A – Macromolecules

AP Biology: CHAPTER 5A

MACROMOLECULES

1. Define the following:

a. monomer _______________________________________________________________

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b. polymer _________________________________________________________________

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c. condensation reaction _____________________________________________________

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d. hydrolysis _______________________________________________________________

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2. Which foods do you think will enter the blood the quickest? Why?

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3. What are the general roles of carbohydrates? ______________________________________

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4. List some monosaccharides with their molecular formulas.

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5. Double sugars are called ______________________________________________________

6. List the monosaccharides that form each:

a. maltose _________________________________________________________________

b. sucrose _________________________________________________________________

c. lactose __________________________________________________________________

6. Polymers of sugars form _______________________________________________________

7. Which forms of polysaccharide is best for each function:

a. Strength of structure _______________________________________________________

b. Storage and sugar release __________________________________________________

c. What theme is this addressing? ______________________________________________

8. How does the alpha differ from the beta form of glucose and why is it significant to animals?

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9. How do the role and structure of the following polysaccharides compare?

a. starch___________________________________________________________________

b. glycogen ________________________________________________________________

c. cellulose_________________________________________________________________

10. Ninety percent of Asians, 75% of African-Americans, and a much smaller percent of

northern Europeans are lactose intolerant. Why do you suppose we see this pattern?

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AP Lecture Guide 20 – DNA Technology

AP Biology: Chapter 20

DNA TECHNOLOGY

1. Define biotechnology.

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2. What is meant by “recombinant DNA technology?”

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3. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.

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4. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology?

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5. What are other organisms used in biotechnology?

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6. How does gene cloning differ from human cloning?

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7. Why is DNA cloning considered an important technology?

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8. What are plasmids?

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9. What is the function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

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10. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?

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11. How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?

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12. What is a genomic library?

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13. How is cDNA different from typical eukaryote DNA?

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14. Describe the steps involved in cloning a gene.

15. How can transformed bacteria that carry genes of interest be identified and isolated from the majority of non-transformed bacteria?

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16. What can be accomplished with Nucleic Acid Hybridization?

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17. What is the purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

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18. List some advantages & uses of the PCR technique.

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19. How are DNA fragments of different sizes separated?

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20. What is a RFLP? How are they made?

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21. What does the technique of Southern Blotting accomplish?

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22. What are some other techniques that build on the Southern Blotting technique?

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23. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

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24. List some of the most important things we learned by completing the Human Genome Project.

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25. What is the Sanger Sequencing Method used for?

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26. How does the shot-gun approach differ from the whole-genome sequencing?

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27. In the future, DNA chips may be used for regular diagnostics. What do the florescent spots indicate when the chip is read?

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28. How can DNA technology be used to diagnose a carrier of a genetic disorder?

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29. What is the goal of gene therapy?

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30. How has forensics made use of DNA technology? Give a specific example.

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31. What is currently used by the FBI to do a DNA fingerprint in a criminal investigation?

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32. What technique has been used to modify agricultural plants?

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33. List a few of the traits that have been engineered into agricultural plants? Could any of these

pose an environmental threat?

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