My Classroom Material 192 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 07 – Cell Organelles

CELL ORGANELLES

Explain how the following organelles work together to perform the life functions of the cell

1. Nucleus and ribosomes

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2. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

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3. Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

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4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

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5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

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6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

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7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

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AP Lecture Guide 26 – Origin of Life

AP Biology: CHAPTER 26: ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. Start with the origin of the earth and identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for

each of the following steps leading to current life forms on earth.

a. Origin of the earth ________________________________________________________

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b. Prokaryotes _____________________________________________________________

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c. Oxidizing atmosphere _____________________________________________________

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d. Eukaryotic cells __________________________________________________________

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e. Multicellular life __________________________________________________________

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2. What was significant about the discovery of the iron oxide bands in the sedimentary layers.

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3. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ___________________________________________

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4. Why did evolution seem to slow 750 to 570 million years ago?

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5. What was special about the Cambrium Explosion?

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6. Describe a few adaptations essential for the invasion of plants onto land.

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7. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life

a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth

b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis

c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers

d. RNA may have been the first genetic material

e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly

f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information

g. Debate about the origin of life abounds

8. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. _______________________

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9. What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate with his experiment? ___________________________

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10. List the four stages for the formation of life.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

11. What metabolic processes would you expect to see in protobionts?

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12. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code?

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13. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey accomplish?

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14. What are some of the possible locations for the first life forms?

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15. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus?

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16. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress?

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17. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification?

a. ________________________________________________________________________

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b. ________________________________________________________________________

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18. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?

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19. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer.

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20. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of

life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or

DNA), Membrane transport

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21. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis

hypothesis.

22. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, and the geologic eras the

origin of life on Earth.

AP Lecture Guide 08 – Cell Membranes

AP Biology: CHAPTER 8

Cell Membranes

1. What evidence supports the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane? __________________

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2. What is meant by membrane fluidity? ____________________________________________

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3. How is fluidity reduced in animal cells? ___________________________________________

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4. Describe the orientation of the membrane proteins

a. Peripheral _______________________________________________________________

b. Integral _________________________________________________________________

5. How are the two sides of the membrane different? __________________________________

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6. List and briefly define the roles of the membrane proteins.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

f. _______________________________________________________________________

7. What membrane structures are important for cell-cell recognition? ______________________

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8. Which molecules easily cross the membrane? _____________________________________

9. How are molecules transported that do not easily cross the membrane? _________________

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10. Define the following:

a. Diffusion ________________________________________________________________

b. Osmosis ________________________________________________________________

c. Hypotonic _______________________________________________________________

d. Hypertonic ______________________________________________________________

e. Isotonic _________________________________________________________________

11. What is happening in the diagram below?

12. What do cells do when placed in solutions that are:

a. Hypotonic _______________________________________________________________

b. Hypertonic ______________________________________________________________

c. Isotonic _________________________________________________________________

13. How does the Paramecium maintain osmoregulation? _______________________________

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14. What is meant by facilitated diffusion? __________________________________________________________________________

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15. How do active and passive transport differ? ________________________________________

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16. The sodium-potassium pump uses __________________ to pump __________________

out of the cell and _______________ into the cell.

17. How does the membrane generate voltage? _______________________________________

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18. What can the cell do with the voltage generated in the membrane? _____________________

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19. Define co-transport and give an example. __________________________________________

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20. What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis? __________________________

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21. Describe an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis. _____________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 29-30 – Plant Diversity

AP Biology: CHAPTER 29 & 30- PLANT DIVERSITY

1. Chart the four phyla of the plant kingdom. Include common names of each, the approximate

number of extant species, and the major characteristics.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

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b. _______________________________________________________________________

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c. _______________________________________________________________________

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d. _______________________________________________________________________

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2. Why are Charophyceans thought to be ancestors of land plants?

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3. List several adaptations of land plants significant for terrestrial survival.

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4. Label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations.

5. Describe a few features common to Bryophytes.

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6. What is the dominant phase of the moss life cycle?

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7. List a couple of adaptations of Pteridophytes (ferns) not seen in Bryophytes.

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8. What is the dominant phase of the fern life cycle? _________________________________

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9. How is the reduced gametophyte an adaptation for seeded plants?

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10. What is the significance of the seed? ___________________________________________

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11. What was the advantage of pollen? _____________________________________________

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12. List the four phyla of gymnosperms. Which is the most common? _____________________

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13. Identify five differences between monocots and dicots.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

14. What is the adaptive value of the flower to plants? _________________________________

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15. Describe the role of ovaries and ovules in the flowering plants.

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16. List several features of angiosperms that aid in seed dispersal.

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AP Lecture Guide 09 – Respiration – Glycolysis

AP Biology: Chapter 9

RESPIRATION — GLYCOLYSIS

1. Identify some specific processes the cell does with ATP. _____________________________

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2. Explain why ATP is such a “high energy” molecule. __________________________________

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3. Sketch the ATP cycle:

4. How does ATP “couple reactions”? ______________________________________________

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5. What is the name of enzymes which phosphorylate molecules? ________________________

6. Define each of the following:

a. Oxidation _______________________________________________________________

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b. Reduction _______________________________________________________________

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7. What is the role of NAD+ & FAD+2 in respiration? ___________________________________

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8. Explain why respiration is considered exergonic. ____________________________________

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9. Glycolysis starts with _____________________ and produces _________________________

10. The Kreb’s cycle takes place in the: ______________________________________________

11. Pyruvate is converted to ___________________________________ before the Krebs cycle.

12. The Electron Transport Chain is located in the: _____________________________________

13. Describe the role of the Electron Transport Chain. What happens to the electrons and H+?

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14. What is chemiomosis and how is it generated?

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15. How does the mitochondrion generate ATP?

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16. Label the diagram. Include: CO2, organic compounds, O2, H2O, respiration, photosynthesis, light, heat, ATP

23. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration:

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a. Where did the glucose come from? ___________________________________________

b. Where did the O2 come from? _______________________________________________

c. Where did the CO2 come from? ______________________________________________

d. Where did the H2O come from? ______________________________________________

e. Where did the ATP come from? ______________________________________________

f. What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? ___________________________

24. What was the evolutionary advantage of the proto-eukaryotes that engulfed aerobic bacteria

but did not digest them?

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25. Why do we eat? _____________________________________________________________

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26. Why do we breathe? __________________________________________________________

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17. What happens to most of the energy released during cell respiration? ___________________

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18. Alcoholic fermentation converts glucose to ________________________________________

19. Alcoholic fermentation is utilized by what organisms? ________________________________

20. Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose to________________________________________

21. Lactic acid fermentation is utilized by what organisms? _______________________________

22. Identify examples of each of the following feedback mechanisms

a. Negative feedback ________________________________________________________

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b. Positive feedback _________________________________________________________

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