Category: My Classroom Material

AP Study Guide Unit 3 Cell Energetics

 

 

Unit 3     Cellular Energetics

 

What form of energy is the most random?
What changes occur in H, S, and G when a protein forms from amino acids?
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
Explain the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Is a chemical reaction with a positive G endergonic or exergonic?
List the properties of enzymes.
Why is ATP an important metabolic molecule?
Describe the change in free energy at equilibrium.
Increasing substrate concentration has what effect on competitive inhibition?
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
When energy is transformed, what is the effect on entropy in the system?
If temperature is kept uniform in a system, free energy will be what?
If products have less free energy than reactants, is the reaction endergonic or exergonic?
What is catabolism?
How is energy obtained from ATP to energize cellular processes?
If the concentration of reactants is decreased, what effect will this have on the rate of the reaction/
What type of pathways are coupled with anabolic pathways to supply ATP to cells?
Explain enzyme cooperativity & allosteric sites.
Explain the induced fit explanation for enzymes & substrates.
What is free energy?
Describe CO2 fixation & the Calvin cycle in CAM plants.
Photorespiration decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis because it removes what from the Calvin cycle?
What is synthesize across thylakoid membranes?
Why can C4 plants better at photosynthesis without photorespiration?
What pigments can absorb light energy?
Proton gradient are responsible for producing what energy molecules?
Give 2 examples of products of the Calvin cycle that are used in the light reactions?
What 2 main energy molecules are products of the light reactions?
Is glucose required for the Calvin cycle? Explain.
In what reactions is glyceraldehyde phosphate produced?
If a pigment appears red to your eyes, what color of light is not being absorbed?
During what process is CO2 incorporated into PGA?
The chemiosomotic process in chloroplasts occurs when what type of gradient is established?
Name the most abundant protein (enzyme) in the world.
In what tissue does carbon fixation occur in C4 plants before being transferred to bundle-sheath cells?
Photosystem II uses which chlorophyll a molecule?
What gas is required and which gas is not required for photosynthesis to occur?
What is the primary energy source for plants? for animals?
What enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation?
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
What type of plants fix CO2 into organic acids during the day?
When does the Calvin cycle in most plants occur?
Which color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis?
Cyclic electron flow in chloroplasts produces what energy molecule?
Where does the ETS in plants occur?
In terms of energy how are photosynthesis & cellular respiration related?
In what 2 membranes in plant cells is ATP synthetase found?
Is oxygen released in the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Does photophosphorylation occur in Photosystem II?
In which photosystem is water split?
Which process does not give a net gain in ATP —glycolysis, aerobic respiration, or fermentation?
Which would release more energy from glucose — combustion or cellular respiration?
Is ATP a product of lactate fermentation?
If a metabolic poison interferes with glycolysis, what must its structure be most like?
Are water and CO2 end products of glycolysis?
Which has more energy —NAD or NADH?
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs across ___________in a cell.
which has more energy — glucose at the start of glycolysis or the 2 pyruvate molecules at the end of glycolysis?
Molecular oxygen supplies the oxygen atoms during oxidative phosphorylation to form what?
What is chemiosmosis?
Lactate is a byproduct of fermentation in what type of animal cells?
What type of enzyme in cellular respiration helps remove electrons from organic molecules?
The ETS helps a cell generate what energy molecule?
Will glycolysis occur if oxygen is present? Is oxygen needed for the process?
The difference in H+ concentration of either side of the mitochondrial membrane drives the synthesis of what molecule?
Where in a cell will the enzymes needed for glycolysis be found?
Citric acid has 6 carbons. In the Krebs cycle 2 CO2 molecules are given off before succinic acid is formed. How many carbons will succinic acid have?
During substrate-phosphorylation, how many ATP molecules are made each cycle?
Isocritic acid has 6 carbons while ketoglutaric acid in the Krebs cycle only has 5 carbons. What happened to the “missing” carbon?
What gas accepts electrons at the end of the ETS?
Substrate-level phosphorylation during fermentation generates what molecule?
Acetyl CoA is made in muscle cells only under what conditions?
The end products of glycolysis are ATP, NADH, and what carbon molecule?
What 2 electron acceptor molecules in the Krebs cycle convert their energy to ATP in the ETS?
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation what is the direct energy source that drives the conversion of ADP + free P into ATP?
The glycolysis of glucose by a yeast cell nets how many ATP’s?
What intermediary metabolite of pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle?
How is a proton gradient established in the mitochondria?
How many O2 molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of glucose?
What type of animal tissue has a high ATP requirement?

 

 

AP Lecture Guide 07 – The Cell

 

AP Biology: CHAPTER 7

THE CELL

 

1. The tool that lead to the understanding that cells are the basic unit of life was the…

___________________________________________________________________________

2. The smallest structures visible with the light microscope are the ….

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the advantage of the electron microscope?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. How do biologists isolate cell components?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What are four things all cells have in common?

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________________________________

 

4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 25 – Phylogeny and Systematics

 

 

AP Biology: CHAPTER 25: PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

 

1. What is phylogeny?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. How are fossils significant to our study of biology?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Review these key points in the study of fossils:

a. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. The fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

d. Phylogeny has a biogeographic basis in continental drift.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

e. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinctions.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. List examples of fossils. ______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What techniques do relative dating use to place fossils in their place in geologic time?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6. What marks the separation between the major eras in the geologic time scale?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7. How does absolute dating compare to relative dating?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

8. Describe the two main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

9. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures with modern

phylogenetic systematics?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

10. What does a phylogenic tree show?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

11. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify three pitfalls scientists might

encounter classifying creatures.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

12. What do scientists use when placing an organism on a cladistic diagram?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

13. How have molecular clocks influenced our thoughts on evolutionary paths?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

14. Why is the four chamber heart a poor choice of structure to place creatures on a phylogenic

tree?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

15. Why are crocodiles now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

 

AP Lecture Guide 07 – Cell Organelles

 

CELL ORGANELLES

 

Explain how the following organelles work together to perform the life functions of the cell

1. Nucleus and ribosomes

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 26 – Origin of Life

 

 

AP Biology: CHAPTER 26: ORIGIN OF LIFE

 

1. Start with the origin of the earth and identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for

each of the following steps leading to current life forms on earth.

a. Origin of the earth ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. Prokaryotes _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

c. Oxidizing atmosphere _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

d. Eukaryotic cells __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

e. Multicellular life __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What was significant about the discovery of the iron oxide bands in the sedimentary layers.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Why did evolution seem to slow 750 to 570 million years ago?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What was special about the Cambrium Explosion?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Describe a few adaptations essential for the invasion of plants onto land.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life

a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth

b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis

c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers

d. RNA may have been the first genetic material

e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly

f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information

g. Debate about the origin of life abounds

8. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. _______________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate with his experiment? ___________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

10. List the four stages for the formation of life.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

11. What metabolic processes would you expect to see in protobionts?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

13. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey accomplish?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

14. What are some of the possible locations for the first life forms?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

15. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

16. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

17. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification?

a. ________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

18. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

19. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

20. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of

life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or

DNA), Membrane transport

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

21. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis

hypothesis.

22. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, and the geologic eras the

origin of life on Earth.