My Classroom Material 196 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 07 – The Cell

AP Biology: CHAPTER 7

THE CELL

1. The tool that lead to the understanding that cells are the basic unit of life was the…

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2. The smallest structures visible with the light microscope are the ….

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3. What is the advantage of the electron microscope?

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4. How do biologists isolate cell components?

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5. What are four things all cells have in common?

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________________________________

4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

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5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

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6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

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7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

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AP Lecture Guide 25 – Phylogeny and Systematics

AP Biology: CHAPTER 25: PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

1. What is phylogeny?

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2. How are fossils significant to our study of biology?

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3. Review these key points in the study of fossils:

a. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils.

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b. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils.

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c. The fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history.

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d. Phylogeny has a biogeographic basis in continental drift.

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e. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinctions.

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4. List examples of fossils. ______________________________________________________

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5. What techniques do relative dating use to place fossils in their place in geologic time?

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6. What marks the separation between the major eras in the geologic time scale?

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7. How does absolute dating compare to relative dating?

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8. Describe the two main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

9. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures with modern

phylogenetic systematics?

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10. What does a phylogenic tree show?

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11. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify three pitfalls scientists might

encounter classifying creatures.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

12. What do scientists use when placing an organism on a cladistic diagram?

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13. How have molecular clocks influenced our thoughts on evolutionary paths?

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14. Why is the four chamber heart a poor choice of structure to place creatures on a phylogenic

tree?

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15. Why are crocodiles now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles?

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AP Lecture Guide 07 – Cell Organelles

CELL ORGANELLES

Explain how the following organelles work together to perform the life functions of the cell

1. Nucleus and ribosomes

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2. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

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3. Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

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4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

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5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

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6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

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7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

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AP Lecture Guide 26 – Origin of Life

AP Biology: CHAPTER 26: ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. Start with the origin of the earth and identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for

each of the following steps leading to current life forms on earth.

a. Origin of the earth ________________________________________________________

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b. Prokaryotes _____________________________________________________________

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c. Oxidizing atmosphere _____________________________________________________

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d. Eukaryotic cells __________________________________________________________

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e. Multicellular life __________________________________________________________

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2. What was significant about the discovery of the iron oxide bands in the sedimentary layers.

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3. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ___________________________________________

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4. Why did evolution seem to slow 750 to 570 million years ago?

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5. What was special about the Cambrium Explosion?

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6. Describe a few adaptations essential for the invasion of plants onto land.

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7. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life

a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth

b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis

c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers

d. RNA may have been the first genetic material

e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly

f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information

g. Debate about the origin of life abounds

8. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. _______________________

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9. What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate with his experiment? ___________________________

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10. List the four stages for the formation of life.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

11. What metabolic processes would you expect to see in protobionts?

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12. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code?

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13. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey accomplish?

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14. What are some of the possible locations for the first life forms?

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15. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus?

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16. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress?

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17. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification?

a. ________________________________________________________________________

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b. ________________________________________________________________________

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18. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?

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19. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer.

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20. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of

life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or

DNA), Membrane transport

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21. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis

hypothesis.

22. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, and the geologic eras the

origin of life on Earth.

AP Lecture Guide 08 – Cell Membranes

AP Biology: CHAPTER 8

Cell Membranes

1. What evidence supports the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane? __________________

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2. What is meant by membrane fluidity? ____________________________________________

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3. How is fluidity reduced in animal cells? ___________________________________________

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4. Describe the orientation of the membrane proteins

a. Peripheral _______________________________________________________________

b. Integral _________________________________________________________________

5. How are the two sides of the membrane different? __________________________________

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6. List and briefly define the roles of the membrane proteins.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

f. _______________________________________________________________________

7. What membrane structures are important for cell-cell recognition? ______________________

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8. Which molecules easily cross the membrane? _____________________________________

9. How are molecules transported that do not easily cross the membrane? _________________

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10. Define the following:

a. Diffusion ________________________________________________________________

b. Osmosis ________________________________________________________________

c. Hypotonic _______________________________________________________________

d. Hypertonic ______________________________________________________________

e. Isotonic _________________________________________________________________

11. What is happening in the diagram below?

12. What do cells do when placed in solutions that are:

a. Hypotonic _______________________________________________________________

b. Hypertonic ______________________________________________________________

c. Isotonic _________________________________________________________________

13. How does the Paramecium maintain osmoregulation? _______________________________

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14. What is meant by facilitated diffusion? __________________________________________________________________________

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15. How do active and passive transport differ? ________________________________________

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16. The sodium-potassium pump uses __________________ to pump __________________

out of the cell and _______________ into the cell.

17. How does the membrane generate voltage? _______________________________________

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18. What can the cell do with the voltage generated in the membrane? _____________________

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19. Define co-transport and give an example. __________________________________________

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20. What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis? __________________________

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21. Describe an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis. _____________________________

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