My Classroom Material 197 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 02 & 03 – Chemical Context of Life & Water

AP Biology: CHAPTERS 2 & 3

CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE & WATER

1. What are the most common elements in the human?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Helium has an atomic number of 2 and atomic mass of 4. Explain.

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Define isotope and give some examples.

__________________________________________________________________________

4. How are isotopes used in biology?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What happens when electrons change levels?

__________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the significance of valence numbers?

__________________________________________________________________________

7. Why do atoms form covalent vs. ionic bonds?

__________________________________________________________________________

8. How do non-polar covalent bonds differ from polar covalent bonds?

__________________________________________________________________________

9. What is a hydrogen bond? How does it form and how is it different from a covalent bond?

__________________________________________________________________________

10. Sketch a few molecules of water, indicate their polarity, and where H bonds form.

11. Why is H bonding so important to water’s properties?

__________________________________________________________________________

12. List the “special” properties of water and give an example of why the property may be

important to living things.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

d. ________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 19 – Control of Eukaryotic Genome

AP Biology: CHAPTER 19

CONTROL OF EUKARYOTIC GENOME

1. Outline the levels of DNA packing within the eukaryote nucleus.

2. What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin? Which is transcribed?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of ______________________________

6. What is the cause of Fragile X?

__________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the cause of Huntington’s disease?

__________________________________________________________________________

8. Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA?

__________________________________________________________________________

9. What is a multigene family?

__________________________________________________________________________

10. Multigene families are hypothesized to have evolved from…

__________________________________________________________________________

11. How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals?

__________________________________________________________________________

12. Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression.

__________________________________________________________________________

13. How can transposons alter gene expression?

__________________________________________________________________________

14. How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies?

__________________________________________________________________________

15. Review the opportunities for gene regulation in eukaryotes in the diagram.

16. Where is the most important step in gene regulation?

__________________________________________________________________________

17. Describe the effect of each of the following control mechanisms.

a. DNA methylation ________________________________________________________

b. Histone acetylation _______________________________________________________

c. Transcription factors ______________________________________________________

d. Control elements ________________________________________________________

e. Enhancers _____________________________________________________________

f. Activators ______________________________________________________________

g. DNA-binding domain _____________________________________________________

18. How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?

__________________________________________________________________________

19. How does RNA degradation affect gene expression?

__________________________________________________________________________

20. How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression?

__________________________________________________________________________

21. Identify the opportunities to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.

22. Typically, what happens to cell function when cells become cancerous?

__________________________________________________________________________

23. What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs?

__________________________________________________________________________

24. List the three events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.

__________________________________________________________________________

25. Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer.

__________________________________________________________________________

26. What is p53?

__________________________________________________________________________

27. Why is it said that cancer formation is a multi-step process?

__________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 05A – Macromolecules

AP Biology: CHAPTER 5A

MACROMOLECULES

1. Define the following:

a. monomer _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. polymer _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

c. condensation reaction _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

d. hydrolysis _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Which foods do you think will enter the blood the quickest? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the general roles of carbohydrates? ______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. List some monosaccharides with their molecular formulas.

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Double sugars are called ______________________________________________________

6. List the monosaccharides that form each:

a. maltose _________________________________________________________________

b. sucrose _________________________________________________________________

c. lactose __________________________________________________________________

6. Polymers of sugars form _______________________________________________________

7. Which forms of polysaccharide is best for each function:

a. Strength of structure _______________________________________________________

b. Storage and sugar release __________________________________________________

c. What theme is this addressing? ______________________________________________

8. How does the alpha differ from the beta form of glucose and why is it significant to animals?

___________________________________________________________________________

9. How do the role and structure of the following polysaccharides compare?

a. starch___________________________________________________________________

b. glycogen ________________________________________________________________

c. cellulose_________________________________________________________________

10. Ninety percent of Asians, 75% of African-Americans, and a much smaller percent of

northern Europeans are lactose intolerant. Why do you suppose we see this pattern?

___________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 20 – DNA Technology

AP Biology: Chapter 20

DNA TECHNOLOGY

1. Define biotechnology.

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What is meant by “recombinant DNA technology?”

__________________________________________________________________________

3. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What are other organisms used in biotechnology?

__________________________________________________________________________

6. How does gene cloning differ from human cloning?

__________________________________________________________________________

7. Why is DNA cloning considered an important technology?

__________________________________________________________________________

8. What are plasmids?

__________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

__________________________________________________________________________

10. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?

__________________________________________________________________________

11. How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?

__________________________________________________________________________

12. What is a genomic library?

__________________________________________________________________________

13. How is cDNA different from typical eukaryote DNA?

__________________________________________________________________________

14. Describe the steps involved in cloning a gene.

15. How can transformed bacteria that carry genes of interest be identified and isolated from the majority of non-transformed bacteria?

__________________________________________________________________________

16. What can be accomplished with Nucleic Acid Hybridization?

__________________________________________________________________________

17. What is the purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

__________________________________________________________________________

18. List some advantages & uses of the PCR technique.

__________________________________________________________________________

19. How are DNA fragments of different sizes separated?

__________________________________________________________________________

20. What is a RFLP? How are they made?

__________________________________________________________________________

21. What does the technique of Southern Blotting accomplish?

__________________________________________________________________________

22. What are some other techniques that build on the Southern Blotting technique?

__________________________________________________________________________

23. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

__________________________________________________________________________

24. List some of the most important things we learned by completing the Human Genome Project.

__________________________________________________________________________

25. What is the Sanger Sequencing Method used for?

__________________________________________________________________________

26. How does the shot-gun approach differ from the whole-genome sequencing?

__________________________________________________________________________

27. In the future, DNA chips may be used for regular diagnostics. What do the florescent spots indicate when the chip is read?

__________________________________________________________________________

28. How can DNA technology be used to diagnose a carrier of a genetic disorder?

__________________________________________________________________________

29. What is the goal of gene therapy?

__________________________________________________________________________

30. How has forensics made use of DNA technology? Give a specific example.

__________________________________________________________________________

31. What is currently used by the FBI to do a DNA fingerprint in a criminal investigation?

__________________________________________________________________________

32. What technique has been used to modify agricultural plants?

__________________________________________________________________________

33. List a few of the traits that have been engineered into agricultural plants? Could any of these

pose an environmental threat?

__________________________________________________________________________

AP Lecture Guide 05B – Macromolecules

AP Biology: CHAPTER 5B

MACROMOLECULES

1. What is the characteristic common to lipids? _______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Lipids are synthesized by the chemical reaction ____________________________________

and broken down by the reaction ________________________________________________

3. What makes fats hydrophobic? _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. State at least two differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.

a. _________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. How do phospholipids interact in an aqueous solution?

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Make a diagram of phospholipid interactions that form membranes.

7. Sketch the common building block of steroids.

8. List several functions of proteins.

___________________________________________________________________________

9. What are the three properties used to classify amino acids?

___________________________________________________________________________

10. Sketch two amino acids side-by-side, on one of them label the functional groups, then show how the two can be joined together.

11. What determines the primary structure of a protein? _________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. Describe the four levels of protein structure:

a. Primary _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. Secondary ______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

c. Tertiary _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

d. Quaternary ______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

13. What happens to a protein during denaturation? ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

14. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? ______________________________________

15. Briefly describe two functions of DNA in the cell.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________