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Category: My Classroom Material
Vertebrate Worksheet
| Vertebrate Worksheet |  |
1. In what phylum & kingdom are the vertebrates found?
2. List the classes of vertebrates.
3. Discuss the characteristics of chordates & vertebrates.
4. What were the 1st vertebrates & describe them?
5. Sketch a lamprey & describe the characteristics of this fish. Where are they found?
6. Describe a hagfish.
7. In what group are lampreys & hagfish found & why?
8. Do agnathans have paired fins?
9. What were the 1st jawed fish & describe them.
10. What are the 2 classes of jawed fish?
11. What is in the class Chondrichthyes & what traits do they have in common.
12. Sketch & describe sharks.
13. Sketch a ray or skate & describe them.
14. Name the class for bony fish.
15. Name the 2 groups of bony fish.
16. Give several examples of ray-finned fish & describe them.
17. Name 2 lobe-finned fish & describe both of them.
18. What was the 1st group of vertebrates to move onto land? What is in this group?
19. Describe characteristics of amphibians.
20. Amphibians are ectotherms. What does this mean?
21. How are amphibians still linked to water?
22. What is in the class Reptilia?
23. Reptiles do not need water for reproduction. Explain why this is true.
24. Describe the amniote egg of reptiles. Include a labeled sketch of the egg.
25. What reptile group is thought to be the ancestors of mammals?
26. What were pterosaurs?
27. What 3 groups of retiles are still alive today?
28. Describe characteristics of the reptiles.
29. How can snakes swallow such large prey?
30. What is the purpose of the Jacobson’s organ in snakes?
31. What takes the place of teeth in turtles?
32. Describe crocodiles & alligators & tell some of their habits.
33. What class contains birds?
34. From what did birds probably evolve?
35. What are the distinguishing features of birds?
36. Sketch & label the parts of a feature.
37. Birds are endotherms. What does this mean?
38. Name some flightless birds.
39. Name some swimming birds.
40. What are the 3 main characteristics of all mammals?
41. What in female mammals produces milk?
42. What is mammalian hair made of & give its 4 functions.
43. What bones are modified in mammals to help them hear sounds?
44. Name a flying mammal.
45. Give examples of mammals that are herbivores.
46. Give examples of mammals that are carnivores.
47. What mammal is a thinker & toolmaker?
48.Name 7 adaptations of mammals.
49.Give examples of monotremes & tell their characteristics. Tell where they are found.
50. Give examples of marsupials & tell their characteristics. Tell where most of them are found.
51. Most mammals are placentals. What does this mean?
52. What is gestation? Do all mammals have the same gestation period?
53. What is the purpose of the chorion?
54.Name the 12 orders of placental mammals & give an example of an animal in each order.
Virus Model Instructions
Virus Models
Use viral pictures from your textbook or from a website to construct a 3-dimensional model of a virus. Your model must meet the following criteria:
- Must be 3-dimensional
- Must show the two main parts of the virus — nucleic acid core & protein coat or capsid
- Model must have string attached & be ready to hang
- Must include a label with your the name of the virus, your name, & class period
The following rules for constructing you model must also be followed:
- Must be light enough & small enough to hang and not “bump” other students heads
- Must be sturdy (use plenty of glue & securely attach your string)
- Can’t be made out of food products
- May not have sharp points (no toothpicks)
- May not be made of anything flammable (no matches)
- Should be made of inexpensive materials
Types of viruses that make good models:
| Bacteriophage | 
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| Retrovirus | 
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| HIV | 
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| Rabies | 
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| Tobacco Mosaic Virus | 
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| Adenovirus | 
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Models will be graded based on the following:
- Level of difficulty (will receive the most weight in grading)
- Accuracy
- Colorfulness
- Creativity of building materials
Virus
| Viruses All Materials © Cmassengale |
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Discovery of Viruses
- Beijerinck (1897) coined the Latin name “virus” meaning poison for the substance infecting tobacco plants
- Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from tobacco leaves infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) & found virus was made of nucleic acid & protein
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| Wendell Stanley | Tobacco Leaf with Virus |
- Edward Jenner developed smallpox vaccine using milder cowpox viruses
- Virology – study of viruses
- Deadly viruses are said to be virulent
- Viruses couldn’t be seen until electron microscope invented
Viral Characteristics
- Not living organisms
- Noncellular
- Consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat called the capsid
- Capsid made of protein subunits called capsomeres
- Cannot grow or replicate on their own (inactive particles)
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- Can only reproduce inside of a living host cell using its raw materials & enzymes
- Lack ribosomes & enzymes needed for protein synthesis or metabolism
- Are extremely small particles ranging from 20 – 400 nanometers on average
- Largest virus is 1000 nanometers in dimension
- Some can cause disease (smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, AIDS, Ebola
Ebola Virus
- Some may also cause cancers such as leukemias
- Virus free cells are rare
- Highly host specific (only infect certain cells)
- Referred to as phages
- Viruses are classified into 2 main groups by their nucleic acid — DNA or RNA Viruses
- DNA & RNA viruses are subdivided by capsid shape & whether they do or don’t have an envelope
Viral Structure
- DNA or RNA core surrounded by protein sheath called capsid
- Nucleocapsid includes the viral nucleic acid & its capsid
- Some form lipid rich covering around capsid called the envelope
- Envelope usually formed from host cell membrane
- Envelope may have spikes to help chemically recognize & attach to the host cell
- Shaped determined by the arrangement of proteins making up the capsid
- TMV is rod shaped
- Adenovirus & polio viruses are icosohedral (20 sided)
- Measles & rabies viruses are helical
- T -phages have a head & tail
Bacteriophages or T-Phages
- Among the most complex viruses
- Attack bacterial cells
- Composed of a icosohedral head, tail, base plate, & tail fibers
- Long DNA molecule is inside the head
- Tail helps inject the viral DNA into host cell
- Tail fibers used to attach to host
Retroviruses
- Contain RNA
- Have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which helps use the RNA to make DNA
- Use the host cell’s ribosomes & raw materials to make viral proteins
- Cause some cancers & AIDS
HIV Virus
Viroids
- Smallest particle able to replicate
- Made of a short, single strand of RNA with no capsid
- Cause disease in plants
Viroid Attack on Potatoes
Prions
- No nucleic acid or capsids
- Made of protein particles that have folded incorrectly
- Attacks the central nervous system
- Cause animal diseases in cows (Mad Cow disease), sheep, & humans
Lytic Cycle
- Viral replication that rapidly kills the host cell causing it to lyse or burst
- Involves 5 steps —– Adsorption, Injection, Replication, Assembly, & Lysis
- Adsorption — phage attaches to cell membrane of host
- Injection — nucleic acid (DNA) of virus injected into host cell
- Replication — viral DNA inactivates host cell’s DNA & uses host’s raw materials & ribosomes to make viral DNA, capsids, tails, etc.
- Assembly — new viral parts are combined to make new phages
- Lysis — enzymes weaken & destroy the cell membrane causing it to lyse releasing new viruses that infect other cells
Phases of the Lytic Cycle of a Virulent Virus:
lysis
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Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/virus-human.htm
Lysogenic Cycle
- Replication in which the virus stays inactive inside of the host cell & doesn’t immediately kill it
- Viruses are called temperate phages
- Lysogenic steps include adsorption, injection, recombination, cell reproduction, activation, replication, assembly, & lysis
- Recombination —Viral DNA joins with host cell DNA forming an inactive prophage
- Host cell reproduces normally until activated by an external stimuli
- External stimuli unknown, but could be ultraviolet radiation, carcinogens, etc.
- Once activated, prophage forms new viruses & destroys host cell
- HIV is an example of a temperate phage
The Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate Virus:
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Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/virus-human.htm
Viral Control
- Interferon are proteins made by cells to fight viruses
- Two types of viral vaccines exist — inactivated & attenuated
- Inactivated virus vaccines don’t replicate in the host’s system
- Attenuated viral vaccines have been genetically altered so they can’t cause disease
- Antiviral drugs (AZT, acyclovir, & azidothymidine) interfere with viral DNA synthesis
- Protease Inhibitors interfere with viral capsid production
- New viruses emerge as rain forests are cleared (Ebola virus)
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Unsegmented Worm
Unsegmented Worms
All Materials © Cmassengale
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Characteristics
- Called flatworms because bodies are flattened dorso-ventrally
- Acoelomate – solid bodies without a lined body cavity
- Have 3 body layers — outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, & inner endoderm
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs at anterior or head end)
- Body cells exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide directly with environment by diffusion
- Single opening into gastrovascular cavity; two-way digestive tract
- Some are parasites & others are free-living
- Parasitic worms have thick cell layer called tegument covered with a nonliving cuticle covering their bodies as protection inside hosts
- Includes 3 classes — Turbellaria (planarians), Trematoda (parasitic flukes), & Cestoda (parasitic tapeworms
Class Turbellaria
- Most are marine but includes freshwater planarian (Dugesia)
Planarians
- Spade-shaped at the anterior end & have two, light-sensitive eyespots
- Can sense light, touch, taste, & small
- Have 2 clusters of nerve cells or ganglia to form a simple brain
- Nervous system composed of a nerve net
- Capable of simple learning
- Move by tiny hairs or cilia over a mucus layer that they secrete
- Feed by scavenging or protozoans
- Have a single opening or mouth located at the end of a muscular tube called the pharynx which can be extended when feeding
- Flame cells help remove wastes to excretory pores
- Hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize eggs that are then deposited into a capsule until hatching in 2-3 weeks
- Reproduce asexually by fragmentation
Class Trematoda
- Includes parasitic flukes
- About 1 cm long & oval shaped
- Require a host to live
- Have both oral & ventral suckers to cling to host & suck blood, cells, & body fluids
- Oral sucker around mouth at anterior end sucks blood
- May be endoparasites (live inside a host) or ectoparasites (live on the outside of host
- Covered in tough, unciliated tegument
- Nervous & excretory systems like turbellarians
- Hermaphrodites
- Have a long, coiled uterus that stores & releases 10,000+ eggs
- Eggs released through genital pore & develop into larva
- Show complex life cycles
- Life cycle of sheep liver fluke:
* Adult liver flukes live in sheep liver & gall bladder where they mate & form eggs
* Eggs enter intestines, pass out with feces, & hatch in water
* Larva enter snails, asexually multiply, then leave snail & form cysts
* Cysts (dormant larva with hard, protective covering) clings to grass
* Sheep ingest cysts when they eat grass
* Cysts hatch in digestive tract & bore through intestines into bloodstream
* Mature & reproduce in the liver
- Schistosomiasis (disease caused by parasitic blood flukes) infects people in Asia, Africa, & South America causing intestinal bleeding & tissue decay that can result in death
Class Cestoda
- Includes tapeworms
- Adapted for parasitic life
- Tough outer tegument prevents being digested by host
- Anterior end called scolex contains hooks & suckers for attachment to intestine of host
- Long, ribbon-like bodies up to 12 m in length
- Nervous system extends length of body but lacks sense organs
- Lacks mouth & digestive tract but absorbs digested nutrients from host
- Grows by making body segments called proglottids
- Each proglottid produces eggs & sperm that cross-fertilize with other segments & also self-fertilize (hermaphrodites)
- Oldest, mature proglottids containing eggs at posterior end break off & pass out with feces
- Life cycle of beef tapeworm:
* Cattle eat grass with proglottids containing fertilized eggs
* Eggs hatch into larva & bore through cow’s intestine into bloodstream
* Larva burrow into cow’s muscle & form cysts
* Humans eat beef (muscle) & cysts travels to intestines
* Cyst breaks open & adult beef tapeworm forms
BEEF TAPEWORM LIFE CYCLE
Phylum Nematoda
Characteristics
- Called roundworms
- Includes Ascaris, hookworms, Trichinella, & pinworms
- Pseudocoelomates have fluid-filled body cavity partially lined with mesoderm
- Pseudocoelom contains the body organs & provides hydrostatic skeletal support for muscles
- Have long slender bodies that taper at both ends
- Covered with flexible cuticle
- Digestive tract with anterior mouth & posterior anus; called one-way digestive tract
- Separate sexes in most species
- Most are free living
- Some are parasites on plants & animals
- Ascaris is a parasitic roundworm living in the intestines of pigs, horses, & humans
- Ascaris life cycle:
* Enter body in contaminated food or water & hatch in intestines
* Larva bore into bloodstream & carried to lungs & throat
* Larva coughed up, swallowed, & return to intestines to mature & mate
* Block the intestine causing death
- Hookworm eggs hatch in moist soil & larva bore through bare feet of new host
- Trichinella are human parasites caused by eating undercooked pork containing the cysts
* Cause disease called trichinosis
* Cysts cause muscle pain & stiffness
CYSTS IN CONTAMINATED PORK
Phylum Rotifera
Characteristics
- Known as rotifers or wheel animals
- Transparent, free-swimming microscopic animal
- Freshwater & marine
- Have a ring of cilia around mouth that rotates like a wheel to bring in food
- Feed on unicellular algae, bacteria, & protozoa
- Have a muscular organ called the mastax behind the pharynx to chop food
- Nervous system composed of anterior ganglia & 2 long nerve cords
- Show cephalization (head end)
- Have 2 anterior, light-sensitive eyespots
