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Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

A vascular plant’s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. _________________________

The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. _________________________

Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. _________________________

Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. _________________________

The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. _________________________

Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. _________________________

The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. _________________________

Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. _________________________

Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. _________________________

Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. _________________________

A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. _________________________

A plant embryo’s root develops above the cotyledons. _________________________

A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed. _________________________

The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. _________________________

The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. _________________________

Plants stop developing once they have matured. _________________________

Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. _________________________

Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. _________________________

Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant’s apical meristems. _________________________

Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. _________________________

Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant’s body. _________________________

If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. _________________________

The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. _________________________

The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. _________________________

The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. _________________________

The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. _________________________

Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant’s xylem. _________________________

The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. _________________________

The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. _________________________

The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. _________________________

Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. _________________________

Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. _________________________

In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. _________________________

The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. _________________________

A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. _________________________

Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. _________________________

The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. _________________________

Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. _________________________

Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. _________________________

Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. _________________________

Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. _________________________

Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. _________________________

The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. _________________________

The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. _________________________

The response of a Venus’ flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. _________________________

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants?

a.	vascular tissue	c.	ground tissue
b.	dermal tissue	d.	cuticle tissue

cuticle : above-ground parts ::

a.	vascular system : plant	c.	guard cell : stoma
b.	sperm : egg	d.	wax : root system

The xylem in a plant

a.	transports food from the leaves.
b.	transports water and minerals.
c.	exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere.
d.	exchanges sugars and starches with leaves.

The conducting cells of phloem are called

a.	tracheids.	c.	sieve plates.
b.	sieve-tube members.	d.	vessel-element cells.

The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system.

Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a

a.	tracheid.	c.	vessel element.
b.	companion cell.	d.	sieve-tube member.

Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a

a.	tracheid.	c.	vessel cell.
b.	companion cell.	d.	sieve tube member.

Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell?

a.	A	c.	D
b.	C	d.	E

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is

a.	a companion cell.	c.	the nucleus of a companion cell.
b.	an epidermal cell.	d.	the chloroplast of an epidermal cell.

The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems

a.	turns into meristem.	c.	provides support.
b.	transports food.	d.	germinates at least once a year.

The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the

a.	root.	c.	stem.
b.	xylem.	d.	leaves.

vascular tissue: transport of fluids ::

a.	epidermis : support	c.	dermal tissue : transport of fluids
b.	dermal tissue : storage	d.	ground tissue : photosynthesis

The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system?

a.	adventitious	c.	taproot
b.	aerial	d.	fibrous

The root cap

a.	protects a growing root tip.	c.	absorbs water.
b.	stores food in the form of starch.	d.	contains vascular tissue.

dermal tissue : root hairs ::

a.	cellular respiration : photosynthesis	c.	cork cells : transport of fluids
b.	vascular tissue : vascular bundle	d.	internodes : nodes

The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant.

Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called

a.	meristem.	c.	phloem.
b.	xylem.	d.	ground tissue.

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem’s

a.	petioles.	c.	vascular bundles.
b.	veins.	d.	pith nodes.

Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called

a.	meristem.	c.	phloem.
b.	xylem.	d.	ground tissue.

The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the

a.	sapwood.	c.	pith.
b.	nodes.	d.	cortex.

The bark on a woody stem is made up of

a.	xylem and phloem.	c.	phloem and cork.
b.	sapwood.	d.	mesophyll.

The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged

a.	in rings surrounded by ground tissue.
b.	scattered throughout ground tissue.
c.	in pith scattered throughout ground tissue.
d.	in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue.

The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the

a.	sapwood.	c.	pith.
b.	nodes.	d.	cortex.

Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the

a.	lateral buds.	c.	nodes.
b.	pith.	d.	internodes.

Leaves with an undivided blade are called

a.	tendrils.	c.	compound.
b.	spines.	d.	simple.

leaves : carbon dioxide from the air ::

a.	leaves : water from the air	c.	roots : carbon dioxide from the air
b.	roots : light from the air	d.	roots : nutrients from the soil

Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for

a.	photosynthesis.	c.	respiration.
b.	climbing.	d.	absorption.

The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the

a.	palisade layer.	c.	adventitious layer.
b.	cortex.	d.	pith.

Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf?

a.	leaf a	c.	leaf c
b.	leaf b	d.	leaf d

Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot?

a.	leaf a	c.	leaf c
b.	leaf b	d.	leaf d

Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of

a.	only xylem vessels.	c.	both xylem and phloem vessels.
b.	only phloem vessels.	d.	neither xylem nor phloem vessels.

Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter

a.	A.	c.	C.
b.	B.	d.	D.

Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it

a.	is the cuticle.	c.	covers the epidermis.
b.	protects the leaf.	d.	conducts photosynthesis.

The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo’s

a.	shoot.	c.	stem.
b.	root.	d.	flowers.

Plants grow in regions of active cell division called

a.	meristems.	c.	phloem.
b.	xylem.	d.	dermal tissue.

Meristems are found

a.	only at the tips of roots.	c.	at the tips of roots and shoots.
b.	only at the tips of shoots.	d.	at the center of roots and shoots.

Plant development is similar to animal development because

a.	a plant continues to develop throughout its life.
b.	plants are more strongly influenced by the environment.
c.	newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues.
d.	plant development can be reversed.

During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots

a.	become wider.	c.	maintain a constant number of cells.
b.	become longer.	d.	undergo meiosis.

Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by

a.	layer 2.	c.	layer 5.
b.	layer 4.	d.	layer 7.

Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as

a.	layer 2.	c.	layer 4.
b.	layer 3.	d.	layer 5.

Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as

a.	layer 1.	c.	layer 5.
b.	layer 3.	d.	layer 7.

Secondary xylem and phloem form from

a.	cork cambium.	c.	apical meristems.
b.	vascular cambium.	d.	bark.

In a woody stem, cork cambium

a.	forms phloem.	c.	produces the cells of the outer bark.
b.	forms xylem.	d.	becomes vascular cambium.

secondary growth : width ::

a.	secondary growth : height	c.	apical meristem : width
b.	lateral meristem : length	d.	primary growth : length

xylem : inner side of vascular cambium ::

a.	vascular cambium : cork cambium
b.	outer side of vascular cambium : cork
c.	phloem : outer side of vascular cambium
d.	phloem : cork cambium

Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except

a.	carbon dioxide.	c.	light.
b.	water.	d.	glucose.

The movement of water through a plant is caused by

a.	the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules.
b.	the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots.
c.	transpiration from leaves and stems.
d.	translocation of sugars in the stems.

The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called

a.	translocation.	c.	active transport.
b.	osmosis.	d.	transpiration.

The guard cells that surround a stoma

a.	have no walls.
b.	swell with water, causing the stoma to open.
c.	shrink when opening the stoma.
d.	are responsible for translocation.

The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called

a.	translocation.	c.	active transport.
b.	osmosis.	d.	transpiration.

One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the

a.	transpiration model.	c.	pressure-flow model.
b.	translocation model.	d.	source-sink model.

      The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar.

Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called

a.	auxin.	c.	ethylene.
b.	gibberellin.	d.	cytokinin.

Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by

a.	exerting a cohesive force on the stem.
b.	causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate.
c.	causing cells on one side to elongate.
d.	translocation.

A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is

a.	auxin.	c.	ethylene.
b.	cytokinin.	d.	gibberellin.

Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state?

a.	auxin	c.	ethylene
b.	cytokinin	d.	gibberellin

All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except

a.	light.	c.	touch.
b.	gravity.	d.	heat.

When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of

a.	thigmotropism.	c.	phototropism.
b.	gravitropism.	d.	chance.

Newly Germinated Seedling

Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism?

a.	A	c.	C
b.	B	d.	D

Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism?

a.	A	c.	C
b.	B	d.	D

shoots : negative gravitropism ::

a.	light stimulations : gravitropism	c.	shoots : negative phototropism
b.	gravity movements : phototropism	d.	roots : positive gravitropism

The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called

a.	seasonal.	c.	daily activity.
b.	photoperiodism.	d.	nocturnal variation.

Nastic movements in plants result when

a.	some cells grow more than others.
b.	the water content of certain cells changes.
c.	the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures.
d.	seasonal conditions change suddenly.

Completion
Complete each statement.

The ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant.

Dermal tissue functions in ____________________ as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients.

Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body.

The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the ____________________ system.

Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called ____________________.

Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their ____________________.

The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.

The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems.

Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as ____________________ stems.

The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________.

In ____________________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring.

The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________.

In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________.

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the ____________________.

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the ____________________.

Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called ____________________.

Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________.

The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called ____________________.

Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called ____________________.

Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________.

Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called ____________________.

Cell division in the parts of plants called ____________________ add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body.

Wood consists primarily of ____________________ cells.

The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth.

A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the ____________________.

A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________.

The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called ____________________.

Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and ____________________ nutrients.

Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, ____________________, chlorophylls, and coenzymes.

ATP contains the mineral nutrient ____________________.

As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant.

When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma ____________________.

Changes in ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close.

Transpiration ____________________ when stomata close.

The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called ____________________.

The leaves of plants are categorized as ____________________ because they are the primary photosynthetic organs.

Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) ____________________ to a(n) ____________________.

A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response.

____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen.

The bending of a plant’s stem toward light is an example of a _________________________.

A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________.

Because of ____________________, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures.

A long-day plant will flower when ____________________ are shorter than a specific number of hours.

Nastic movements are plant responses that are ____________________ of the direction from which the stimulus comes.

The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n) ____________________.

Name: 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of at least some mollusks?

a.	a pseudocoelomate body plan
b.	bilateral symmetry
c.	a mantle
d.	an open circulatory system

Which of the following has a true coelom?

a.	flatworm	c.	rotifer
b.	roundworm	d.	mollusk

The evolution of a coelom was significant because

a.	more food could be stored within it.
b.	more wastes could be stored before excretion.
c.	it enabled development of more complex organ systems.
d.	it eliminated the need for a circulatory system.

mollusks : a mantle ::

a.	pseudocoelomate animals : true body cavities
b.	roundworms : single-opening digestive tract
c.	roundworms : coelom
d.	mollusks : a coelom

The cilia of a trochophore

a.	allow attachment to the ocean bottom.
b.	create currents for drawing in food.
c.	cover the entire larval body.
d.	are necessary for reproduction.

Trochophores

a.	occur in some mollusks’ life cycles.
b.	possess a belt of cilia around their bodies.
c.	occur in some annelids’ life cycles.
d.	All of the above

A characteristic structure found in many mollusks is the radula, which is involved in

a.	jet propulsion.	c.	eating.
b.	opening and closing of the shell.	d.	reproduction.

Which of the following is a correct pairing?

a.	phylum Platyhelminthes—hydra
b.	phylum Nematoda—planaria
c.	phylum Mollusca—octopus
d.	phylum Annelida—roundworm

All of the animal phyla that evolved after the mollusks

a.	are vertebrates.	c.	have a coelom.
b.	are prokaryotes.	d.	lack mesoderm.

All of the following are classes of the phylum Mollusca except

a.	bivalves.	c.	gastropods.
b.	cephalopods.	d.	pseudopods.

Which of the following mollusks have a closed circulatory system?

a.	snails	c.	slugs
b.	cephalopods	d.	gastropods

Refer to the illustration above. Which two organisms have mantles?

a.	1 and 3	c.	1 and 4
b.	2 and 3	d.	2 and 4

Jet propulsion is the usual means of locomotion in water for

a.	octopuses.	c.	squids.
b.	gastropods.	d.	bivalves.

Refer to the illustration above. This organism is a

a.	bivalve.	c.	trochophore.
b.	cephalopod.	d.	gastropod.

Refer to the illustration above. Movement of this organism is dependent upon structure

a.	1.	c.	3.
b.	2.	d.	None of the above

Shells of mollusks

a.	may consist of one or more pieces.
b.	provide protection.
c.	allow for the attachment of muscles.
d.	All of the above

Adductor muscles are responsible for

a.	moving the valves of bivalves.
b.	extending the feet of mollusks.
c.	pumping the hearts of mollusks.
d.	fanning the gills of aquatic mollusks.

In an open circulatory system,

a.	water is drawn into the mantle cavity to provide oxygen to body tissues.
b.	lungs branch into small tubules to provide oxygen to tissues.
c.	wastes are eliminated directly to the environment from the tissues.
d.	blood is released directly into spaces in the body tissues.

Twisting of the visceral mass of gastropods is called

a.	extension.	c.	torsion.
b.	inversion.	d.	conversion.

Among the various species of gastropods, respiration may take place

a.	with gills.
b.	through the skin.
c.	within the mantle cavity.
d.	All of the above

All of the cephalopods

a.	have eight tentacles.
b.	are predators.
c.	possess protective shells.
d.	are filter feeders.

Jet propulsion in a squid is the result of

a.	rapid closing of the organism’s shell.
b.	strong contractions of the tentacles.
c.	high-pressure discharge of fluid from the organism’s mouth.
d.	the pumping of water through the siphon.

The only cephalopod that has retained its external shell is the

a.	cuttlefish.	c.	octopus.
b.	chambered nautilus.	d.	squid.

Segmented worms are known as

a.	nematodes.	c.	planarians.
b.	annelids.	d.	arthropods.

Each segment of an annelid

a.	is capable of reproduction.
b.	has a well-developed brain that allows the annelid to learn simple tasks.
c.	has a pseudocoelom.
d.	may contain some organ systems that duplicate systems in other segments.

An example of segmentation in humans is the

a.	digestive system.	c.	vertebral column.
b.	skin.	d.	brain.

The most significant evolutionary advancement of annelids over mollusks is believed to be

a.	the ability to burrow.	c.	segmentation.
b.	the existence of a true coelom.	d.	cephalization.

Refer to the illustration above. Which two organisms have segmented body plans?

a.	3 and 4	c.	1 and 4
b.	2 and 4	d.	2 and 3

true coelom : mollusks and annelids ::

a.	tentacle : annelids	c.	valve : annelids
b.	siphon : annelids	d.	segmentation : annelids

Coordinated movements of an earthworm’s body segments are possible because of the

a.	development of an advanced brain.
b.	ventral nerve cord and ganglia that carry impulses to the muscles.
c.	presence of a true coelom in the earthworm’s body.
d.	existence of a complete digestive system.

earthworm movement : circular muscles and setae ::

a.	earthworm digestion : circular muscles and setae
b.	earthworm digestion : seminal receptacles
c.	earthworm reproduction : pharynx
d.	earthworm respiration : skin

Small tubules that collect wastes from the coelom of annelids and discharge the wastes from the body are called

a.	nephridia.	c.	bivalves.
b.	radulae.	d.	spicules.

The digestive tube of the earthworm is divided into three regions. Which of the following is not among these regions?

a.	crop	c.	radula
b.	intestine	d.	gizzard

Which of the following is (are) not part of an earthworm’s body?

a.	a heart	c.	nephridia
b.	gills	d.	a typhlosole

The clitellum of an earthworm

a.	contains the heart.
b.	is associated with reproduction.
c.	acts as a primitive respiratory system.
d.	is necessary for movement.

Earthworms are considered to be beneficial to the environment because

a.	they help release nutrients into the soil.
b.	they aerate the soil as they move through it.
c.	they break up the soil in which they live.
d.	All of the above

squid motion : siphon ::

a.	annelid motion : siphon
b.	annelid breathing : nephridia
c.	earthworm circulation : closed circulatory system
d.	annelid motion : tentacles

The body of the water leech

a.	has suckers on the front and back.	c.	is segmented.
b.	has no parapodia.	d.	All of the above

Leeches

a.	use suckers to aid in movement.	c.	are segmented.
b.	may be parasitic.	d.	All of the above

leeches : blood ::

a.	earthworms : small animals
b.	earthworms : blood
c.	marine polychaetes : small animals
d.	marine polychaetes : blood

Completion
Complete each statement.

The ____________________ larva is a characteristic of some mollusks and annelids.

Constant beating of ____________________ in the mantle cavity of a clam causes a continuous stream of water to pass over the gills.

A tonguelike scraping organ used by some mollusks in feeding is called the ____________________.

An organ known as the ____________________ is an abrasive, tonguelike structure found in some mollusks.

A snail can pull its head into its mantle cavity because the cavity has moved to the anterior of the animal during a twisting process called ____________________ that occurs during development.

Water is drawn into the body of a clam through tubes called ____________________.

A bivalve’s shells close when the pair of ____________________ contract.

Structures in earthworms that function as simple kidneys are called ____________________.

The only living cephalopod that has retained its external shell is the _________________________.

Snails and slugs belong to the class of mollusks called ____________________.

Earthworms belong to the phylum ____________________.

Refer to the illustration above. Structure X is the ventral ____________________ cord.

In anterior segments of annelids, several ganglia are fused to form the ____________________, which is the brain of these organisms.

An earthworm’s ____________________ produces a tube made of mucus and chitin that contains the eggs and sperm and allows development of an earthworm’s offspring.

Bristles that exist along the sides of an annelid are called ____________________.

Some leeches are ____________________; they feed on the blood of other animals.

The ____________________ are annelids that have many setae and parapodia, generally live in marine environments, and have antennae.