Category: Resources

Quiz Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis

 

 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
1.
In eukaryotes, gene expression is related to the coiling and uncoiling of ____________________.
2.
A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n) ____________________.
3.
The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________________.
4.
Knowing the order of the bases in a gene permits scientists to determine the exact order of the amino acids in the expressed ____________________.
5.
Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen base pairs in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ____________________ to each other.
6.
According to base-pairing rules, adenine pairs with ____________________ and guanine pairs with ____________________.
7.
The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence is ____________________.
8.
Enzymes called ____________________ are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together.
9.
The process by which DNA copies itself is called ____________________.
10.
Molecules of ____________________ carry instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
11.
The nitrogen-containing base that is found only in RNA is ____________________.
12.
The enzyme responsible for making RNA is called ____________________.
13.
The form of ribonucleic acid that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes is ____________________.
14.
A ____________________ is a sequence of DNA at the beginning of a gene that signals RNA polymerase to begin transcription.
15.
Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ____________________.
16.
Of the 64 codons of mRNA, 61 code for ____________________, 3 are ____________________ signals, and one is a ____________________ signal.
17.
Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called ____________________.
18.
The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ____________________.
19.
The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ____________________.
20.
During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ____________________.

 
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Safety quiz

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Safety Quiz

 

 Check your knowledge of lab safety! 

1. When you find an unlabeled bottle of chemical in the lab, you should:

Smell it to see what it is
Ask your teacher
Waft the chemical
Pour it down the drain

2. If you break a beaker in the lab, the first thing you should do is:

Tell your teacher
Clean up the glass
Put the broken glass in a separate container labeled broken glass
Carefully use your hands to pick up the largest pieces

3. When you complete your lab work, which of the following should you not do:

Clean & return materials to the lab cart
Try your own experiment
Turn in all lab work to your teacher
Return to your own seat

4. Which of the following procedures is not correct:

Add acid to water
Pipette by mouth
Keep flammables away from open flames
Never used chipped glass

5. What is the most important thing to do before starting a lab:

Put on goggles
Put on your lab apron
Pick up your materials from the lab cart
Read the entire lab

6. When heating liquids in test tubes:

Always tightly cork the test tube
hold the test tube pointing upward
Hold test tubes at a slant pointed away from everyone
None of the above

7. Which of the following is true about heating glass:

Only use glassware marked Kimex
Only use glassware marked Pyrex
Both A & B are correct
Always ask the teacher if the container can be heated

8. Which of the following is correct lab procedure:

Place heated glassware on countertops away from the edge
Hold dissecting specimens tightly with your hand when cutting with a scalpel
Wear gloves when dissecting & dispensing irritating chemicals
Pour excess chemical back into its original container

9. Which of the following statements is correct:

Never use cracked glassware
Wash hands before & after dissecting
Treat all chemicals as poisonous
All of the above

10. When inserting glass tubing into stoppers:

Use glycerin & a twisting motion
Hold the stopper tightly as you push the glass tubing into it
Insert the tubing into the stopper under water
Always ask your teacher to insert the glass tubing for you

 

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Seed Plants Study Guide

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Seed Plants Quiz

 

 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 1.
A vascular plant’s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. _________________________
 2.
The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. _________________________
 3.
Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. _________________________
 4.
Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. _________________________
 5.
The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. _________________________
 6.
Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. _________________________
 7.
The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. _________________________
 8.
Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. _________________________
 9.
Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. _________________________
 10.
Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. _________________________
 11.
A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. _________________________
 12.
A plant embryo’s root develops above the cotyledons. _________________________
 13.
A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed. _________________________
 14.
The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. _________________________
 15.
The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. _________________________
 16.
Plants stop developing once they have matured. _________________________
 17.
Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. _________________________
 18.
Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. _________________________
 19.
Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant’s apical meristems. _________________________
 20.
Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. _________________________
 21.
Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant’s body. _________________________
 22.
If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. _________________________
 23.
The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. _________________________
 24.
The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. _________________________
 25.
The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. _________________________
 26.
The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. _________________________
 27.
Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant’s xylem. _________________________
 28.
The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. _________________________
 29.
The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. _________________________
 30.
The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. _________________________
 31.
Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. _________________________
 32.
Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. _________________________
 33.
In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. _________________________
 34.
The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. _________________________
 35.
A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. _________________________
 36.
Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. _________________________
 37.
The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. _________________________
 38.
Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. _________________________
 39.
Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. _________________________
 40.
Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. _________________________
 41.
Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. _________________________
 42.
Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. _________________________
 43.
The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. _________________________
 44.
The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. _________________________
 45.
The response of a Venus’ flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. _________________________
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 46.
Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants?
a.
 vascular tissue
c.
 ground tissue
b.
 dermal tissue
d.
 cuticle tissue
 47.
cuticle : above-ground parts ::
a.
 vascular system : plant
c.
 guard cell : stoma
b.
 sperm : egg
d.
 wax : root system
 48.
The xylem in a plant
a.
 transports food from the leaves.
b.
 transports water and minerals.
c.
 exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere.
d.
 exchanges sugars and starches with leaves.
 49.
The conducting cells of phloem are called
a.
 tracheids.
c.
 sieve plates.
b.
 sieve-tube members.
d.
 vessel-element cells.
The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system.
nar001-1.jpg
 50.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a
a.
 tracheid.
c.
 vessel element.
b.
 companion cell.
d.
 sieve-tube member.
 51.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a
a.
 tracheid.
c.
 vessel cell.
b.
 companion cell.
d.
 sieve tube member.
 52.
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell?
a.
 A
c.
 D
b.
 C
d.
 E
 53.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is
a.
 a companion cell.
c.
 the nucleus of a companion cell.
b.
 an epidermal cell.
d.
 the chloroplast of an epidermal cell.
 54.
The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems
a.
 turns into meristem.
c.
 provides support.
b.
 transports food.
d.
 germinates at least once a year.
 55.
The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the
a.
 root.
c.
 stem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 leaves.
 56.
vascular tissue: transport of fluids ::
a.
 epidermis : support
c.
 dermal tissue : transport of fluids
b.
 dermal tissue : storage
d.
 ground tissue : photosynthesis
 57.
The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system?
a.
 adventitious
c.
 taproot
b.
 aerial
d.
 fibrous
 58.
The root cap
a.
 protects a growing root tip.
c.
 absorbs water.
b.
 stores food in the form of starch.
d.
 contains vascular tissue.
 59.
dermal tissue : root hairs ::
a.
 cellular respiration : photosynthesis
c.
 cork cells : transport of fluids
b.
 vascular tissue : vascular bundle
d.
 internodes : nodes

The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant.

nar002-1.jpg
 60.
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 61.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem’s
a.
 petioles.
c.
 vascular bundles.
b.
 veins.
d.
 pith nodes.
 62.
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 63.
The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the
a.
 sapwood.
c.
 pith.
b.
 nodes.
d.
 cortex.
 64.
The bark on a woody stem is made up of
a.
 xylem and phloem.
c.
 phloem and cork.
b.
 sapwood.
d.
 mesophyll.
 65.
The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged
a.
 in rings surrounded by ground tissue.
b.
 scattered throughout ground tissue.
c.
 in pith scattered throughout ground tissue.
d.
 in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue.
 66.
The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the
a.
 sapwood.
c.
 pith.
b.
 nodes.
d.
 cortex.
 67.
Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the
a.
 lateral buds.
c.
 nodes.
b.
 pith.
d.
 internodes.
 68.
Leaves with an undivided blade are called
a.
 tendrils.
c.
 compound.
b.
 spines.
d.
 simple.
 69.
leaves : carbon dioxide from the air ::
a.
 leaves : water from the air
c.
 roots : carbon dioxide from the air
b.
 roots : light from the air
d.
 roots : nutrients from the soil
 70.
Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for
a.
 photosynthesis.
c.
 respiration.
b.
 climbing.
d.
 absorption.
 71.
The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the
a.
 palisade layer.
c.
 adventitious layer.
b.
 cortex.
d.
 pith.
Four Different Kinds of Leaves

nar003-1.jpg
 72.
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf?
a.
 leaf a
c.
 leaf c
b.
 leaf b
d.
 leaf d
 73.
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot?
a.
 leaf a
c.
 leaf c
b.
 leaf b
d.
 leaf d
The diagram below shows a leaf cross section.

nar004-1.jpg
 74.
Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of
a.
 only xylem vessels.
c.
 both xylem and phloem vessels.
b.
 only phloem vessels.
d.
 neither xylem nor phloem vessels.
 75.
Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter
a.
 A.
c.
 C.
b.
 B.
d.
 D.
 76.
Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it
a.
 is the cuticle.
c.
 covers the epidermis.
b.
 protects the leaf.
d.
 conducts photosynthesis.
 77.
The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo’s
a.
 shoot.
c.
 stem.
b.
 root.
d.
 flowers.
 78.
Plants grow in regions of active cell division called
a.
 meristems.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 dermal tissue.
 79.
Meristems are found
a.
 only at the tips of roots.
c.
 at the tips of roots and shoots.
b.
 only at the tips of shoots.
d.
 at the center of roots and shoots.
 80.
Plant development is similar to animal development because
a.
 a plant continues to develop throughout its life.
b.
 plants are more strongly influenced by the environment.
c.
 newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues.
d.
 plant development can be reversed.
 81.
During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots
a.
 become wider.
c.
 maintain a constant number of cells.
b.
 become longer.
d.
 undergo meiosis.
nar005-1.jpg
 82.
Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by
a.
 layer 2.
c.
 layer 5.
b.
 layer 4.
d.
 layer 7.
 83.
Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as
a.
 layer 2.
c.
 layer 4.
b.
 layer 3.
d.
 layer 5.
 84.
Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as
a.
 layer 1.
c.
 layer 5.
b.
 layer 3.
d.
 layer 7.
 85.
Secondary xylem and phloem form from
a.
 cork cambium.
c.
 apical meristems.
b.
 vascular cambium.
d.
 bark.
 86.
In a woody stem, cork cambium
a.
 forms phloem.
c.
 produces the cells of the outer bark.
b.
 forms xylem.
d.
 becomes vascular cambium.
 87.
secondary growth : width ::
a.
 secondary growth : height
c.
 apical meristem : width
b.
 lateral meristem : length
d.
 primary growth : length
 88.
xylem : inner side of vascular cambium ::
a.
 vascular cambium : cork cambium
b.
 outer side of vascular cambium : cork
c.
 phloem : outer side of vascular cambium
d.
 phloem : cork cambium
 89.
Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except
a.
 carbon dioxide.
c.
 light.
b.
 water.
d.
 glucose.
 90.
The movement of water through a plant is caused by
a.
 the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules.
b.
 the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots.
c.
 transpiration from leaves and stems.
d.
 translocation of sugars in the stems.
 91.
The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called
a.
 translocation.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 transpiration.
 92.
The guard cells that surround a stoma
a.
 have no walls.
b.
 swell with water, causing the stoma to open.
c.
 shrink when opening the stoma.
d.
 are responsible for translocation.
 93.
The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called
a.
 translocation.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 transpiration.
 94.
One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the
a.
 transpiration model.
c.
 pressure-flow model.
b.
 translocation model.
d.
 source-sink model.

      The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar.

nar007-1.jpg
 95.
Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called
a.
 auxin.
c.
 ethylene.
b.
 gibberellin.
d.
 cytokinin.
 96.
Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by
a.
 exerting a cohesive force on the stem.
b.
 causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate.
c.
 causing cells on one side to elongate.
d.
 translocation.
 97.
A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is
a.
 auxin.
c.
 ethylene.
b.
 cytokinin.
d.
 gibberellin.
 98.
Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state?
a.
 auxin
c.
 ethylene
b.
 cytokinin
d.
 gibberellin
 99.
All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except
a.
 light.
c.
 touch.
b.
 gravity.
d.
 heat.
 100.
When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of
a.
 thigmotropism.
c.
 phototropism.
b.
 gravitropism.
d.
 chance.
Newly Germinated Seedling
nar008-1.jpg
 101.
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism?
a.
 A
c.
 C
b.
 B
d.
 D
 102.
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism?
a.
 A
c.
 C
b.
 B
d.
 D
 103.
shoots : negative gravitropism ::
a.
 light stimulations : gravitropism
c.
 shoots : negative phototropism
b.
 gravity movements : phototropism
d.
 roots : positive gravitropism
 104.
The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called
a.
 seasonal.
c.
 daily activity.
b.
 photoperiodism.
d.
 nocturnal variation.
 105.
Nastic movements in plants result when
a.
 some cells grow more than others.
b.
 the water content of certain cells changes.
c.
 the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures.
d.
 seasonal conditions change suddenly.
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 106.
The ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant.
 107.
Dermal tissue functions in ____________________ as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients.
 108.
Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body.
 109.
The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the ____________________ system.
 110.
Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called ____________________.
 111.
Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their ____________________.
 112.
The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.
 113.
The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems.
 114.
Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as ____________________ stems.
 115.
The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________.
 116.
In ____________________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring.
 117.
The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________.
 118.
In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________.
nar006-1.jpg
 119.
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the ____________________.
 120.
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the ____________________.
 121.
Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called ____________________.
 122.
Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________.
 123.
The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called ____________________.
 124.
Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called ____________________.
 125.
Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________.
 126.
Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called ____________________.
 127.
Cell division in the parts of plants called ____________________ add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body.
 128.
Wood consists primarily of ____________________ cells.
 129.
The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth.
 130.
A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the ____________________.
 131.
A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________.
 132.
The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called ____________________.
 133.
Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and ____________________ nutrients.
 134.
Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, ____________________, chlorophylls, and coenzymes.
 135.
ATP contains the mineral nutrient ____________________.
 136.
As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant.
 137.
When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma ____________________.
 138.
Changes in ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close.
 139.
Transpiration ____________________ when stomata close.
 140.
The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called ____________________.
 141.
The leaves of plants are categorized as ____________________ because they are the primary photosynthetic organs.
 142.
Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) ____________________ to a(n) ____________________.
 143.
A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response.
 144.
____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen.
 145.
The bending of a plant’s stem toward light is an example of a _________________________.
 146.
A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________.
 147.
Because of ____________________, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures.
 148.
A long-day plant will flower when ____________________ are shorter than a specific number of hours.
 149.
Nastic movements are plant responses that are ____________________ of the direction from which the stimulus comes.
 150.
The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n) ____________________.

 
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Moss & Fern Quiz

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Moss and Fern

 

 

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
1.
Land plants have a complex life cycle that involves an alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2.
The sporophyte of a nonvascular plant is larger and lives longer than the gametophyte.
3.
The life cycle of nonvascular plants involves alternation of generations.
4.
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts all are generally found in moist habitats.
5.
Nonvascular plants have true leaves but lack true stems and roots.
6.
Mosses and ferns no longer require the presence of a film of water for reproduction.
7.
Ferns need water to reproduce because their sperm must swim to eggs.
8.
Mosses are called pioneer plants because they can promote the development of new communities in barren areas that have been burned or destroyed by humans.
9.
Sphagnum moss is used in potting and gardening soils because of its ability to encourage water drainage.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
10.
The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably
a.
brown algae.
c.
green algae.
b.
red algae.
d.
lichens.
11.
The challenges faced by early land plants included
a.
conserving water.
b.
reproducing on land.
c.
absorbing minerals from the rocky surface.
d.
All of the above
12.
The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the
a.
sporophyte.
c.
parental generation.
b.
gametophyte.
d.
alternate generation.
13.
The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the
a.
sporophyte.
c.
parental generation.
b.
gametophyte.
d.
alternate generation.
14.
Which of the following is not a bryophyte?
a.
moss
c.
hornwort
b.
liverwort
d.
fern
15.
Which of the following is not characteristic of all nonvascular plants?
a.
They produce seeds.
b.
They have an alternation of generations lifestyle.
c.
They produce spores.
d.
They require water for sexual reproduction.
16.
The water-retaining ability of sphagnum moss makes it ideal for
a.
using in garden-soil mixes.
b.
use in packing bulbs and flowers for shipping.
c.
use in houseplant soils.
d.
All of the above
17.
Similarities shared by monocots and primitive dicots suggest that
a.
monocots and dicots evolved independently.
b.
monocots were on Earth long before dicots.
c.
monocots evolved from dicots.
d.
dicots evolved from monocots.

 
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Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic Acids

 

 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 1.
It has been discovered that the genetic material is protein. _________________________
 2.
Hershey and Chase were the first two scientists to prove that genetic material is composed of proteins. _________________________
 3.
The five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ribose. _________________________
 4.
After years of research, the structure of the DNA molecule is now known to be a double helix. _________________________
 5.
Franklin’s X-ray diffraction images suggested that the DNA molecule resembled a tightly coiled spring, a shape called a helix. _________________________
 6.
In all living things, DNA replication must occur after cell division. _________________________
 7.
Before a DNA molecule can replicate itself, it must coil up. _________________________
 8.
Helicases unwind the double helix of DNA by breaking the nitrogen bonds that link the base pairs. _________________________
 9.
Errors in nucleotide sequence that occur during replication cannot be corrected. _________________________
 10.
RNA molecules contain the five-carbon sugar ribose. _________________________
 11.
During transcription, the information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule. _________________________
 12.
When a tRNA anticodon binds to an mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and bonds to the end of a growing protein chain. _________________________
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 13.
Griffith’s transformation experiments
a.
 changed proteins into DNA.
b.
 caused harmless bacteria to become deadly.
c.
 resulted in DNA molecules becoming proteins.
d.
 were designed to show the effect of heat on bacteria.
 14.
Griffith’s experiments showed that
a.
 dead bacteria could be brought back to life.
b.
 harmful bacteria were hardier than harmless bacteria.
c.
 heat caused the harmful and harmless varieties of bacteria to fuse.
d.
 genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria and living bacteria.
 15.
Avery’s experiments showed that transformation
a.
 is prevented by protein-destroying enzymes.
b.
 is prevented by DNA-destroying enzymes.
c.
 causes protein to become DNA.
d.
 is caused by a protein.
 16.
Avery and his research team concluded that
a.
 RNA was the genetic material.
b.
 protein bases were the genetic material.
c.
 DNA and RNA were found in the human nucleus.
d.
 DNA was responsible for transformation.
 17.
Using radioactive tracers to determine the interactions of bacteriophages and their host bacteria, Hershey and Chase demonstrated without question that
a.
 genes are composed of protein molecules.
b.
 DNA and proteins are actually the same molecules located in different parts of cells.
c.
 bacteria inject their DNA into the cytoplasm of bacteriophages.
d.
 DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in cells.
 18.
All of the following are true of the viruses Hershey and Chase used in their study except
a.
 they consisted of DNA surrounded by a protein coat.
b.
 they injected their DNA into cells.
c.
 they destroyed the DNA of the infected bacteria.
d.
 they caused infected bacteria to make many new viruses.
 19.
The scientist who worked with Martha Chase to prove that genetic material is composed of DNA was
a.
 Alfred Hershey.
c.
 Francis Crick.
b.
 Oswald Avery.
d.
 Rosalind Franklin.
 20.
Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
a.
 amino acids.
c.
 monosaccharides.
b.
 fatty acids.
d.
 nucleotides.
 21.
Which of the following is not part of a molecule of DNA?
a.
 deoxyribose
c.
 phosphate
b.
 nitrogen base
d.
 ribose
 22.
A nucleotide consists of
a.
 a sugar, a protein, and adenine.
b.
 a sugar, an amino acid, and starch.
c.
 a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
d.
 a starch, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
 23.
The part of the molecule for which DNA is named is the
a.
 phosphate group.
c.
 nitrogen base.
b.
 sugar.
d.
 hydrogen bonds.
 24.
Purines and pyrimidines are
a.
 nitrogen bases found in amino acids.
b.
 able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNA.
c.
 names of specific types of DNA molecules.
d.
 classification groups of nitrogen bases.
 25.
Of the four nitrogen bases in DNA, which two are purines and which two are pyrimidines?
a.
 purines: adenine, thymine; pyrimidines: uracil, cytosine
b.
 purines: adenine, thymine; pyrimidines: guanine, cytosine
c.
 purines: adenine, guanine; pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine
d.
 purines: uracil, thymine; pyrimidines: guanine, cytosine
 26.
The amount of guanine in an organism always equals the amount of
a.
 protein.
c.
 adenine.
b.
 thymine.
d.
 cytosine.
 27.
adenine : thymine ::
a.
 protein : DNA
c.
 guanine : cytosine
b.
 Watson : Crick
d.
 guanine : thymine
 28.
Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that
a.
 DNA and RNA have the same structure.
b.
 DNA is made of two strands that twist into a double helix.
c.
 guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenine.
d.
 thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
 29.
The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are
a.
 Avery and Chargaff.
c.
 Mendel and Griffith.
b.
 Hershey and Chase.
d.
 Watson and Crick.
 30.
X-ray diffraction photographs by Wilkins and Franklin suggested that
a.
 DNA and RNA are the same molecules.
b.
 DNA is composed of either purines or pyrimidines, but not both.
c.
 DNA molecules are arranged as a tightly coiled helix.
d.
 DNA and proteins have the same basic structure.
 31.
During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be
a.
 TTGCATG.
c.
 CCTAGCT.
b.
 AAGTATC.
d.
 GGATCGA.
 32.
Which of the following is not true about DNA replication?
a.
 It must occur before a cell can divide.
b.
 Two complementary strands are duplicated.
c.
 The double strand unwinds and unzips while it is being duplicated.
d.
 The new DNA molecule has two newly-made strands.
 33.
The attachment of nucleotides to form a complementary strand of DNA during replication
a.
 is accomplished by DNA polymerase.
b.
 is accomplished only in the presence of tRNA.
c.
 prevents separation of complementary strands of RNA.
d.
 is the responsibility of the proofreading enzymes.
 34.
The enzymes responsible for adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA bases during replication are
a.
 replicases.
c.
 helicases.
b.
 DNA polymerases.
d.
 template enzymes.
 35.
The enzymes that unwind DNA during replication are called
a.
 double helixes.
c.
 forks.
b.
 DNA helicases.
d.
 phages.
 36.
All of the following are true about DNA replication in prokaryotic cells except
a.
 replication begins at many sites along the DNA.
b.
 replication begins at one site along the DNA loop.
c.
 replication occurs in two opposite directions.
d.
 there are two replication forks.
 37.
Transcription, which is a stage of gene expression, is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)
a.
 RNA molecule.
c.
 uracil molecule.
b.
 DNA molecule.
d.
 tRNA molecule.
 38.
RNA differs from DNA in that RNA
a.
 is double-stranded.
c.
 contains the nitrogen base uracil.
b.
 contains deoxyribose.
d.
 does not contain adenine.
 39.
RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that the sugar in RNA has an additional
a.
 oxygen atom.
c.
 nitrogen base.
b.
 phosphate group.
d.
 carbon atom.
 40.
In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to
a.
 cytosine.
c.
 thymine.
b.
 guanine.
d.
 uracil.
 41.
Each of the following is a type of RNA except
a.
 carrier RNA.
c.
 ribosomal RNA.
b.
 messenger RNA.
d.
 transfer RNA.
 42.
During transcription,
a.
 proteins are synthesized.
c.
 RNA is produced.
b.
 DNA is replicated.
d.
 translation occurs.
 43.
During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is “rewritten” as a molecule of
a.
 messenger RNA.
c.
 transfer RNA.
b.
 ribosomal RNA.
d.
 translation RNA.
 44.
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase
a.
 attaches to a ribosome.
b.
 unwinds a strand of DNA.
c.
 binds to a strand of RNA.
d.
 attaches to the promoter sequence of a gene.
mRNA: CUCAAGUGCUUC

nar001-1.jpg
 45.
Refer to the illustration above. What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by a piece of mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC?
a.
 Ser—Tyr—Arg—Gly
c.
 Leu—Lys—Cys—Phe
b.
 Val—Asp—Pro—His
d.
 Pro—Glu—Leu—Val
 46.
Refer to the illustration above. The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC are
a.
 GAG—UUC—ACG—AAG.
c.
 CUC—GAA—CGU—CUU.
b.
 GAG—TTC—ACG—AAG.
d.
 CUU—CGU—GAA—CUC.
 47.
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand CUCAAGUGCUUC was made?
a.
 CUCAAGUGCUUC
c.
 GAGTTCACGAAG
b.
 GAGUUCACGAAG
d.
 AGACCTGTAGGA
mRNA codons amino acid
UAU, UAC tyrosine
CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG proline
GAU, GAC aspartic acid
AUU, AUC, AUA isoleucine
UGU, UGC cysteine
 48.
Refer to the illustration above. Suppose that you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given to determine which of the following contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence.
a.
 AUGGGUCUAUAUACG
c.
 GCAAACTCGCGCGTA
b.
 ATGGGTCTATATACG
d.
 ATAGGGCTTTAAACA
 49.
The function of rRNA is to
a.
 synthesize DNA.
c.
 form ribosomes.
b.
 synthesize mRNA.
d.
 transfer amino acids to ribosomes.
 50.
At the very beginning of translation, the first tRNA molecule
a.
 binds to the mRNA’s anticodon.
b.
 attaches directly to the DNA codon.
c.
 connects an amino acid to its anticodon.
d.
 binds to the mRNA’s start codon.
 51.
Transfer RNA
a.
 carries an amino acid to its correct codon.
b.
 synthesizes amino acids as they are needed.
c.
 produces codons to match the correct anticodons.
d.
 converts DNA into mRNA.
 52.
Which of the following does not affect the final outcome of gene expression?
a.
 the environment of the cells
b.
 the number of amino acids in the protein being produced
c.
 the presence of other cells
d.
 the timing of gene expression
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 53.
Griffith’s experiment showed that live bacteria without capsules acquired the ability to make capsules from dead bacteria with capsules in a process Griffith called ____________________.
 54.
Avery’s prevention of transformation using DNA-destroying enzymes provided evidence that ____________________ molecules function as the hereditary material.
 55.
A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n) ____________________.
 56.
The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________________.
 57.
Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ____________________ to each other.
 58.
Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a(n) ____________________ ____________________.
 59.
Chargaff’s observations established the ____________________ rules, which describe the specific pairing between bases on DNA strands.
 60.
Watson and Crick used the X-ray diffraction photographs of ____________________ and ____________________ to build their model of DNA.
 61.
The process by which DNA copies itself is called ____________________.
 62.
Enzymes called ____________________ are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together.
 63.
Errors in nucleotide sequencing are corrected by enzymes called ____________________.
 64.
Transcription and translation are stages in the process of ____________________.
 65.
The second stage of gene expression is called ____________________.
 66.
The nitrogen-containing base that is found only in RNA is ____________________.
 67.
The enzyme responsible for making mRNA is called ____________________.
 68.
Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ____________________.
 69.
The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ____________________.
 70.
During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ____________________.
 71.
Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called ____________________.
 72.
The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ____________________.

 
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