Study Guides 17 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Preap Cellular Respiration Study Guide

Cellular Respiration Review

1. Most eukaryotic cells produce only about ___________ ATP Molecules per Glucose Molecule.

2. What is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid? ________________________________________

3. At the beginning of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid bonds to a molecule called ______________________________________ to form Acetyl CoA.

4. The breakdown of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen is called ______________________________ _______________________.

5. With every completion of the Krebs Cycle, how many ATP Molecules are made? ________________

6. What is the waste product of the Krebs Cycle? _____________________________________________.

7. The conversion of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethanol is called ___________________________________ _____________________________________________.

8. The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is ______________________________________ _________________________________________________________.

9. What is the byproduct of the electron transport Chain?_______________________________________________.

10. How efficient is Anaerobic Respiration? __________% Aerobic Respiration? ____________%

11. What is the first pathway of cellular respiration called? ________________________________________________

12.What is the location of Glycolysis? _______________________________________________________

13. What is the scientific unit of Energy? ________________________________________________

14. What do you call cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen? _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________.

15. Yeast produces ______________________________ and _______________________________ in the process known as ____________________________________ ___________________________________________.

16. In cellular respiration, glycolysis proceeds the _______________________________ ___________________________.

17. In cellular respiration, more energy is transferred in the ___________________________ ________________________ _________________________________ than in any other step.

18. Glucose molecules are converted into _______________________________ _______________________ molecules in the process of glycolysis.

19. What is the location of the electron transport chain in prokaryotes? ________________ _______________________.

20. The processes of glycolysis and the anaerobic pathways is called ___________________________________.

21. What is the product of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid? _________________ ___________________

22. What molecule is the electron acceptor of glycolysis? _________________________________________

23. The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as ____________________________________ ________________________-_______________________________.

24. Glycolysis begins with glucose and produces ______________________________ _________________________.

25. An important molecule generated by both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is ______________________________.

26. In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid from glycolysis produces CO2, NADH, H+, and _________________________________ _____________________________________.

27. The electron transport chain is driven by two products of the Krebs Cycle – ______________________ and ___________________________.

28. What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport chain? _________________________________________________________________

29. The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration (including glycolysis) is approximately ______________ __________________________________________________.

30. Where in the mitochondria do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur? _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________

31. Where in the mitochondria is the electron transport chain located? _____________________________ __________________________________________________

32. In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol is produced from _______________________________ ______________________________________.

33. ____________________________________, and _______________________________ supply electrons and protons to the electron transport chain.

34. Cellular respiration takes place in Two Stages: _______________________________________, then ________________________________________ ________________________________.

35. Water is an end product in the ________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

36. In cellular respiration, a two-carbon molecule combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid as part of the _____________________________________________________________________________________.

37. When glycolysis occurs, a molecule of glucose is ___________________________________________.

38. The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is _____________________________________________ or _______________________________________.

39. Energetic electrons that provide the energy for the production of most of a cell’s ATP are carried to the electron transport chain by _______________________________ and __________________________________________.

40. _______________________________________ is a biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that is anaerobic.

41. Glucose is split into smaller molecules during the biochemical pathway called __________________________________.

42. In the absence of oxygen, instead of oxidative respiration following glycolysis, glycolysis is followed by ______________________________________________________.

43. During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or _______________________________________ is formed.

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. How does aerobic respiration ultimately depend on photosynthesis?

2. Explain the role of oxaloacetic acid with respect to the cyclical nature of the Krebs cycle.

3. Glycolysis produces only 3.5% of the energy that would be produced if an equal quantity of glucose were completely oxidized. What has happened to the remaining energy in the glucose?

4. Why do most cells produce fewer than 38 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that is oxidized through aerobic respiration?

5. What happens to electrons that accumulate at the end of the electron transport chain?

6. What role does chemiosmosis play in aerobic respiration?

7. What condition must exist in a cell for the cell to engage in fermentation?

8. How is the synthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain of mitochondria similar to the synthesis of ATP in chloroplasts?

9. The fourth step of glycolysis yields four ATP molecules, but the net yield is only two ATP molecules. Explain this discrepancy.

10. Under what conditions would cells in your body undergo lactic-acid fermentation?

11. What role does oxygen play in aerobic respiration? What molecule does oxygen become a part of as a result of aerobic respiration?

12. Where in the mitochondrion do protons accumulate, and what is the source of the protons?

Preap Chemistry Study Guide

Chemistry Review

1. Everything in the universe is made of __________________________________.

2. The measurement of the amount of matter in an object is called ___________________.

3. What are the Three States of matter?
A.____________________________________
B.____________________________________
C.____________________________________

4. Charged particles that move around an atom’s nucleus are called ________________________.

5. Chemical bonds are broken, atoms are rearranged, and new bonds are formed during _______________________________ ______________________________.

6. Atoms with filled outermost energy levels tend _____________ to participate in chemical reactions.

7. A pure substance that cannot be broken down is called an _____________________.

8. The simplest part of an element is an ____________________.

9. The central core of an atom is called the _____________________________.

10. In an ionic bond, __________ atoms of ________________ charge are held together by _________________________ attraction.

11. The part of an atom that has a neutral charge is a _______________________.

12. Most of the mass of an atom is found in the _____________________.

13. A pure substance made up of atoms of one or more elements is called a ____________________________.

14. Most atoms tend to undergo ____________________ _________________, combining in ways that cause their atoms to become more ____________________.

15.When two atoms share one or more electrons, it is called ____________________________ ______________________.

16. A bond formed by electrical attraction between two opposite charged ions is called ______________________ ____________________.

17. The ability to do work or cause change is _____________________.

18. A redox reaction involves the _____________________ of ___________________ between atoms.

19. The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction is the reaction’s _________________________ ___________________.

20. A substance that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to a solution is a _______________________.

21. A chemical reaction that can proceed forward or backward is a ______________________ ______________________.

22. Sodium chloride (table salt) is an example of a compound formed by ______________ _________________.

23.The positive charge part of an atom is called a ___________________________.

24. A particle composed of one or more atoms is a ________________________.

25. Chemical reactions that release free energy are called ____________________________ ____________________________.

26. Chemical reactions that absorb free energy are called ____________________________ _______________________________.

27. The loss of one or more electrons is called ______________________.

28. The gaining of one or more electrons is called _______________________.

29. The breaking apart of water molecules into two ions of opposite charge is called ___________________________________.

30. An atom has six electrons, what is it atomic number? ____________ Name?___________ It is a stable or unstable atom? _________________.

DIRECTIONS: Read Chapter 2, Chemistry, and Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams or pictures to supplement your answers, but a diagram or picture alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Describe the dissociation of water.

2. Define acid and base. What is a buffer?

3. List TWO characteristics of Acids and TWO Characteristics of Bases.

4. Describe the relationship between the solute, the solvent, and the concentration of a solution.

5. How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?

6. Why is it necessary for oxidation and reduction reactions to occur in pairs?

7. Define the Three States of Matter?

8. State the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions.

9. What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions occurring in living things? Explain how a catalyst affects a reaction.
10. What is the pH Scale, and what does its range of values mean?
11. Draw and Label a model of a Chlorine (Cl) atom. Is this atom stable? Why or Why not?
12. Describe the difference between an oxidation and reduction reaction.

13. An oxygen atom has six electrons in its outermost energy level. Explain why two oxygen atoms must share four electrons when they form a covalent bond.

Preap Fungi Study Guide

Fungi Review

1. Fungi Differ from plants in important ways: Fungi Lack _______________________ and are Not _______________________________. Fungi Never Reproduce by _____________________. The cell walls of fungi are made of ___________________, not __________________________, as are the cell walls of Plants.

2. _____________________, a tough, flexible material, also makes up the hard outer skeleton of insets.

3. Fungi have FOUR Characteristics in common:

A.___________________________________________________________________
B.___________________________________________________________________
C.___________________________________________________________________
D.___________________________________________________________________

4. All fungi are ______________________________, obtaining their nutrition from other organisms.

5. Most fungi are ______________________________ and obtain their nutrients by digesting and absorbing nutrients from _______________________ organisms.

6. Some fungi are _______________________ and obtain their nutrients from living host. A few fungi are actually _____________________, able to trap and kill prey.

7. Fungi include _____________________ and __________________ organisms. Yeast is a typical ___________________________ fungi.

8. Most fungi are ____________________________ organisms. The body of a fungus consists of tiny filaments called ______________________________.

9. _________________________ are tiny tubes filed with __________________ and _____________________ that form the body of a fungus. Hyphae are the __________________, _________________ parts of _______________________ fungi.

10. Hyphae are divided into segments by walls called _____________________. The _________________ have ________________ which cytoplasm and organelles can move from segment to segment.

11. The mass of tangled, interwoven hyphae that form the body of a fungus is called a _________________________.

12. An organism that digest dead organisms and absorbs their nutrients is called a _____________________________________________.

13. Tiny tubes filled with cytoplasm and nuclei that form the body of a fungus are called _________________________________.

14. Septa are the cross-walls that divide __________________________________.

15. Hyphae tangle and interweave to form a mass know as a _____________________.

16. Asexual reproduction, which produces offspring that are __________________ ___________________ to the parent, is most common when ____________________ and _____________________ are ____________________.

17. Sexual reproduction occurs in fungi mostly when _______________________ or ________________________ become __________________.

18. __________________ are the means by which fungi are dispersed. Each spore contains a ______________________ and dehydrated __________________ surrounded by a _____________________ ____________________.

19. The reproductive structures of fungi that produce spores are ___________________ ___________________.

20. A fruiting body consists of a _____________________ and a _______________ in which spores are produced. In a Mushroom, the ________________ contains thousands of ____________________ ____________________.

21. All the spores released by fungi are ___________________________ (1n).

22. Spores cannot move themselves, but can be dispersed by _______________, ___________________, ________________, or ____________________.

23. There are NO ________________ or ________________ Fungi. Instead, the TWO mating types are called the ___________________ and the ______________________.

24. Fungi are grouped in one of Three Phyla: _____________________, common molds; _______________________, club fungi; _________________________, sac fungi; and a group called _______________________ or imperfect fungi.

25. Common molds have No ____________ in their hyphae.

26. The part of hyphae that anchor a fungus to its source of nutrients are called ________________________. _____________________ resemble the _____________ of plants but lack the specialized tissues of true roots.

27. ___________________ are the hyphae that connect groups of rhizoids. ________________ transport the nutrients absorbed by ________________ throughout the ____________________.

28. The study of fungi is called _______________________________.

29. Hyphae whose cells are divided by septa are called ________________________ ________________________.

30. ___________________________ is a special Asexual process. __________________ is the formation of a small, bud-like cell from a larger cell.

31. The one characteristic shared by all imperfect fungi is an absence of ________________________________ ________________________________.

32. A ____________________ is a symbiotic association between a _______________________ and a ___________________________ organism.

33. ____________________________ are mutualistic associations between a __________________ and the _________________ of a plant.

34. The process in which a smaller cell breaks away from a larger cell in some yeasts is called __________________________.

35. Fungi help return nutrients to the ecosystem by acting as _________________________.

36. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between a fungus and what? _______________________________________________

37. A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and what type of organism? ____________________________________________.

38. Hyphae that do not have septa are called _________________________________.

39. The ability to change from Multicellular to Unicellular is called ___________________________________.

40. Cells containing two nuclei are called __________________________.

41. Cells containing one nucleus are called _________________________________.

42. A plant can benefit from a fungus because the fungus _____________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

43. The species of Mushrooms that is poisonous is ________________________________.

44. The Edible species is known as __________________________________.

47. A Mycelium is an interwoven mat of ____________________________________.

48. All asexual reproductive spores in fungi are composed of only _______________ ___________________.

49. Fungi cause disease in humans through _______________________________, _____________________________ and _______________________________.

50. Unlike animals, fungi ____________________ their food before ________________________________ it.

51. Visible, cup-like sexual reproductive structures are called ______________________________________.

52. The association between a fungus and plant roots is called ______________________________________.

53. Fused gametangia is called __________________________________.

54. A tangled mass of hyphae describes what type of fungus? _______________________________________.

55. An association between a fungus and a green algae is called _________________________________________.

56. The cells walls of fungi are composed of ___________________________.

57. All fungi reproduce ___________________________ some only reproduce ________________________________.

58. Fungi imperfect reproduce only _____________________________________.

59. A unicellular fungi that resembles bacteria is a ____________________________.

60. Fungi evolve from __________________________ through ___________________________________.

61. Mycorrhizae and lichens are both ________________________ _____________________________ associations.

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Describe Three different kinds of Asexual Reproduction found in fungi.

2. Explain why lichens are important to the environment.

3. How does gametangium differ from a Zygosporangia?

4. Explain how fungi obtain their nutrients?

5. What are mycorrhizae, AND what is their ecological role?

6. Identify ONE Way in which fungi differ from organisms in Each of the Other KINGDOMS of Eukaryotic Organisms.

7. What Characteristic makes fungi an important resource recycler?

8. Explain why being able to reproduce Both Sexually and Asexually is an adaptive advantage.

9. Explain how fungi cause disease in humans and Which fungi causes athlete’s foot and vaginal yeast infection?

10. Compare an Ascocarp with a Basidiocarp.

11. Describe the reproduction of Ascomycetes.

12. Describe the reproduction of Zygomycetes.

13. Describe the reproduction of Basidomycetes.

14. Explain the benefits plants and fungi derive from a mycorrhizal relationship.

Preap Homeostasis Study Guide

Homeostasis & Transport Review

1. A type of transport in which water moves across and down its concentration gradient is called ______________________________________.

2. Net movement of water across a cell membrane occurs from a ___________________ solution to a ________________________ solution.

3. A _____________________ ___________________ only allows certain molecules to pass thorough.

4. A __________________________ _____________________ is the concentration difference across space.

5. A structure that can move excess water out of a unicellular organism is a __________________________ ______________________.

6. The movement of some substances, without any input of energy by the cell, is called ________________________ ________________________.

7. The process of diffusion requires________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

8. If the molecular concentration of a substance is the same throughout space, the substance is in ____________________________________.

9. All forms of passive transport depend on the ___________________ ________________ of molecules.

10. The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ______________________________.

11. Sodium-potassium pumps move ___________________ ions _______________ of the cell and ___________________________ ions ___________________ the cell. This causes the inside of the cell to have what type of charge? __________________________.

12. Most of the time, the environment that plant cells live in is ________________________.

13. Plasmolysis of a human red blood cell would occur if the cell were in a(n) ____________________________ ____________________________.

14. The bursting of cells is called _____________________________.

15. The pressure that water molecules exert against a cell wall is called ___________________ _________________________________.

16. A membrane bound organelle used in endocytosis is called a _______________________.

17. A relatively high solute concentration is called _____________________________.

18. The uptake of large particles is called ________________________________.

19. The shrinking of cells is called _____________________________________.

20. A relatively low solute concentration is called ___________________________.

21. The uptake of solutes or fluids is called ________________________________.

22. Molecules always diffuse ___________________ their concentration gradient.

23. The diffusion of water across a membrane is called __________________________.

24. In an ________________________ _____________________ the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal.

25. Transport that requires the cell to expend energy is called _____________________ ________________________________.

26. Which type of molecule forms a bilayer within a cell membrane? __________________________________

27. Most food and wastes materials that move into and out of a cell go through ____________________________ ________________________________.

28. Glucose molecules cross the cell membrane by means of ______________________________ _______________________________.

29. Ridding the cell of material by discharging it from sacs (vesicles) at the cell surface is called ____________________________________________________.

30. Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by ________________________________________________.

31. A substance that dissolves in another substance is called a (n) _________________________________________.

32. The diffusion of ___________________________ through the cell membranes is called osmosis.

33. When water enters the cell, it creates pressure. This pressure is called _____________________________ _______________________________________________.

34. A cell does not expend __________________________ when diffusion takes place.

35. __________________________ is the most common solvent in cells.

36. A cell membrane is said to be _______________________________________ permeable because it allows the passage of some solutes and not others.

37. Facilitated diffusion and active transport are two types of ________________________________ transport.

38. __________________________ _______________________________ allows a cell to stockpile substances in far greater concentrations that they occur outside the cell.

39. Active transport systems are a form of cell transport that requires energy from molecules of __________________________________________________.

40. The process in which an amoeba engulfs its prey and takes it in is known as _______________________________________________________________.

For each of the following, Identify the transport type:

a) A cell membrane encloses and takes in a droplet of fluid.______________________________
b) Carrier proteins use energy and act as a pump to move nutrients into a root cell. ____________________________________________
c) Carrier proteins take sugar (glucose) into a cell without requiring energy input. ____________________________________________
d) Water diffuses across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. _______________________________________
e) Mucus and waste products packaged by Golgi apparatus are secreted by a cell. ________________________________________
f) A cell membrane encloses and takes in food particles. ________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Read Chapter 5, Homeostasis and Transport, and Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Name and Describe Three types of passive transport AND Three types of active transport.

2. How do ions cross the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

3. Toward what condition does diffusion eventually lead, in the absence of other influences?

4. Explain the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

5. What is the fundamental difference between carrier proteins that participate in facilitated diffusion and carrier proteins that function as pumps.

6. Explain the difference between passive transport and active transport.

7. Describe what would happen to the molecules in a drop of ink dropped into a beaker of water. What is this process called?

8. What would happen to a freshwater unicellular organism if its contractile vacuole stopped functioning? Explain your answer.

9. How is osmosis related to diffusion?

10. Contrast endocytosis with exocytosis.

11. Define a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution.

12. Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump.

13. Three red blood cells are placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. Compare the behavior of the three cells. Explain your answer on the basis of concentration gradients, diffusion, and give the name of the effects.

Photosynthesis & Respiration Study Guide

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Study Guide

1. Name 3 life processes that use energy.

2. What are heterotrophs?

3. What is the ultimate energy for all life on earth?

4. What is photosynthesis?

5. Where are grana found in a chloroplast?

6. What is a biochemical pathway?

7. Solar energy is converted into what type of energy in photosynthesis?

8. What is the function of chlorophyll?

9. Name 3 things that can happen to light that strikes an object.

10. Explain why chlorophyll looks green.

11. What happens to a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy?

12. What happens to the energized electrons of chlorophyll?

13. What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

14. What two products of the light reactions provide energy for the Calvin cycle?

15. Can the Calvin cycle take place if light is present? if light is absent?

16. What atmospheric gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?

17. When during photosynthesis is glucose made?

18. What are the 2 energy sources for the Calvin Cycle?

19. Where does the carbon in organic molecules come from?

20. Heterotrophs depend indirectly on _________ fro energy.

21. When food is broken down, energy is TEMPORARILY stored in what molecule?

22. All organisms use ________ as their energy molecule.

23. Oxygen produced during ___________ is used during _________________.

24. What is the effect of lactic acid on muscles?

25. When do muscles form lactic acid?

26. Glucose is split during what process?

27. Two molecules of what form from the splitting of glucose?

28. How much ATP is made from the initial splitting of glucose in the cytoplasm?

29. What is the anaerobic respiration of carbohydrates called?

30. Name the 2 main stages in cellular respiration.

31. ___________ respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen.

32. NADPH is formed during what process?

33. NADH is formed during what process?

34. The Krebs cycle occurs in what process?

35. the Calvin cycle occurs in what process?

36. Water is the end product of what process?

37. At the end of the ETC, what gas is added to form water?

38. In cellular respiration, the most ATP is generated during the ___________.

39. What 2 energy carriers enter the ETC in cellular respiration?

40. Be able to define autotrophs & heterotrophs and to give examples of each.