Category: Study Guides

Preap Homeostasis Study Guide

 

Homeostasis & Transport Review  

 

1. A type of transport in which water moves across and down its concentration gradient is called ______________________________________.

2. Net movement of water across a cell membrane occurs from a ___________________ solution to a ________________________ solution.

3. A _____________________  ___________________ only allows certain molecules to pass thorough.

4. A __________________________  _____________________ is the concentration difference across space.

5. A structure that can move excess water out of a unicellular organism is a __________________________  ______________________.

6. The movement of some substances, without any input of energy by the cell, is called ________________________   ________________________.

7.  The process of diffusion requires________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

8. If the molecular concentration of a substance is the same throughout space, the substance is in ____________________________________.

9. All forms of passive transport depend on the ___________________  ________________ of molecules.

10.  The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ______________________________.

11.  Sodium-potassium pumps move ___________________ ions _______________ of the cell and ___________________________ ions ___________________ the cell.  This causes the inside of the cell to have what type of charge? __________________________.

12.  Most of the time, the environment that plant cells live in is ________________________.

13.  Plasmolysis of a human red blood cell would occur if the cell were in a(n) ____________________________  ____________________________.

14.  The bursting of cells is called _____________________________.

15.  The pressure that water molecules exert against a cell wall is called ___________________  _________________________________.

16.  A membrane bound organelle used in endocytosis is called a _______________________.

17.  A relatively high solute concentration is called _____________________________.

18.  The uptake of large particles is called ________________________________.

19. The shrinking of cells is called _____________________________________.

20.  A relatively low solute concentration is called ___________________________.

21.  The uptake of solutes or fluids is called ________________________________.

22.  Molecules always diffuse ___________________ their concentration gradient.

23.  The diffusion of water across a membrane is called __________________________.

24.  In an ________________________  _____________________ the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal.

25. Transport that requires the cell to expend energy is called _____________________  ________________________________.

26. Which type of molecule forms a bilayer within a cell membrane? __________________________________

27.  Most food and wastes materials that move into and out of a cell go through ____________________________  ________________________________.

28. Glucose molecules cross the cell membrane by means of ______________________________ _______________________________.

29. Ridding the cell of material by discharging it from sacs (vesicles) at the cell surface is called ____________________________________________________.

30. Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by ________________________________________________.

31. A substance that dissolves in another substance is called a (n) _________________________________________.

32. The diffusion of ___________________________ through the cell membranes is called osmosis.

33. When water enters the cell, it creates pressure. This pressure is called _____________________________  _______________________________________________.

34. A cell does not expend __________________________ when diffusion takes place.

35. __________________________ is the most common solvent in cells.

36. A cell membrane is said to be _______________________________________ permeable because it allows  the passage of some solutes and not others.

37. Facilitated diffusion and active transport are two types of ________________________________ transport.

38. __________________________ _______________________________ allows a cell to stockpile substances in far greater concentrations that they occur outside the cell.

39. Active transport systems are a form of cell transport that requires energy from molecules of __________________________________________________.

40. The process in which an amoeba engulfs its prey and takes it in is known as _______________________________________________________________.

For each of the following, Identify the transport type:

a) A cell membrane encloses and takes in a droplet of fluid.______________________________
b) Carrier proteins use energy and act as a pump to move nutrients into a root cell. ____________________________________________
c) Carrier proteins take sugar (glucose) into a cell without requiring energy input. ____________________________________________
d) Water diffuses across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. _______________________________________
e) Mucus and waste products packaged by Golgi apparatus are secreted by a cell. ________________________________________
f) A cell membrane encloses and takes in food particles. ________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Read Chapter 5, Homeostasis and Transport, and Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Name and Describe Three types of passive transport AND Three types of active transport.

2. How do ions cross the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

3. Toward what condition does diffusion eventually lead, in the absence of other influences?

4. Explain the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

5. What is the fundamental difference between carrier proteins that participate in facilitated diffusion and carrier proteins that function as pumps.

6. Explain the difference between passive transport and active transport.

7. Describe what would happen to the molecules in a drop of ink dropped into a beaker of water.  What is this process called?

8.  What would happen to a freshwater unicellular organism if its contractile vacuole stopped functioning? Explain your answer.

9. How is osmosis related to diffusion?

10.  Contrast endocytosis with exocytosis.

11. Define a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution.

12. Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump.

13.  Three red blood cells are placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.  Compare the behavior of the three cells. Explain your answer on the basis of concentration gradients, diffusion, and give the name of the effects.

 

 

 

Plant Classification Study Guide

PLANT EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION

1. There are more than ________________ different plant species.

2. Plants share Four Characteristics:
A._________________________________________________________________

    B._________________________________________________________________

    C._________________________________________________________________

    D._________________________________________________________________

3. In their characteristics plants are most similar to the ________________________.

4. Plants and Green Algae Have these Characteristics in Common:
A.__________________________________________________________________

    B.__________________________________________________________________

    C.__________________________________________________________________

    D.__________________________________________________________________

5. There are also some important Difference:
A.__________________________________________________________________

    B.__________________________________________________________________

    C.__________________________________________________________________

    D.__________________________________________________________________

6. All plants are photosynthetic, multicellular, __________________________ organisms, and can _________________________  _________________________.

7.  A ____________________ is a ripen ovary that surrounds the seeds of angiosperms.

8. All plants probably evolved from ______________________   __________________.

9. One of the greatest problems that encountered by the first land plants was the need for
___________________________.

10.   How does water aid the fertilization of some organisms? ______________________
____________________________________________________________________

11.   _________________________ of _______________________ means that there are TWO
phases in the life cycle of plants:

    A.  The first phase: ___________________  ______________________ phase that produces ________________________ and _______________________.

    B. The second phase: ___________________  _____________________ phase that produces ________________________.

12.  Sexual reproduction ensures there will be __________________________  ______________________ in plants.

13.  The type of vascular tissue that transports organic compounds is ____________________________.

14.   The _____________________ is a waxy, waterproof layer that coats the parts of a plant
exposed to air.

15.   The earliest plants were probably __________________, and had NO true ___________,
____________________, or ______________________.

16.   __________________ is a hard compound that strengthens cell walls, enabling cells to support additional weight.

17.  The 12 Phyla of plants can be divided into two groups based on the presence of __________________________  ___________________________.

18. One adaptation that help land plants to slow the evaporation of water was a
____________________________.

19. The type of vascular tissue that transports water is _________________________.

20. This type of angiosperm has parallel leaf venation __________________________.

21. The waxy covering on plant surfaces is called _____________________________.

22.  The plant material in peat bogs decomposes very ________________________ because the bogs are ____________________________.

23. How many plant phyla produce seeds? _____________________

24. What type of gymnosperm produces fleshy seeds? ____________________________

25. What is the photosynthetic phase of a moss called? ______________________________

26.  Bryophytes, instead of roots, they have long, thin strands of cells called ____________________ that attach the plant to the soil.

27.   Vascular plants absorb water from the soil through underground structures called
_____________________.  They also provide a plant with ___________________.

28.  Non-woody plants are usually called ___________________________.

29.  _____________________ carries organic compounds in any direction depending on the plant’s needs.

30.   In order to reproduce, a nonvascular plant must have ________________________.

31.   Rhizoids are long, thin strands of cells that resemble ________________________.

32.   The roots of vascular plants absorb water and _________________________  _________________________.

33. What is the non-photosynthetic phase of a moss called ____________________________.

34. Gymnosperms produce “_____________________” seeds, while angiosperms produce _______________________ protected inside a _____________________________.

35. This type of angiosperm has net leaf venation __________________________.

36. The _________________________ allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

37. Sphagnum is often used to ______________________ soil and help it ____________________  __________________________.

38.   A ___________________ is a protective structure that contains a plant
__________________, and _________________  __________________.

39.   A __________________ is a structure that develops in plants with flowers and contains the
____________________.

40.  Nonvascular plants are distinguished by the absence of ______________________ and ____________________________.

41. All nonvascular plants are collectively called _______________________________.

42.   Vascular plants are classified into one of Two Types: _______________________ or
________________________________ plants.

43.   What are the Four Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants? ________________________,
________________________, ______________________, ________________________.

44.   What are the Five Phyla of Seed Vascular Plants? _______________________,
_________________________, _________________________,
________________________, and  ______________________________.

45.  Vascular seed plants are subdivided into TWO general categories according to the type of seeds they produce: _________________________________ and
____________________________________.

46. A ____________________________ is a special reproductive structure composed of hard scales, that produces seeds without a fruit.

47.   ____________________ are vascular plants that produce seeds lacking a protective
_______________________.  They are often called _______________  _________.

48.  A seed is a _________________________ embryo inside a __________________________  _____________________.

49.   The _____________________ are vascular plants that produce seeds enclosed and
__________________ by a __________________.

50.   All angiosperms produce _________________ and _________________.

51.   The protective structure that contains the seed or seeds of an angiosperm is the
______________________.

52. One way of distinguishing among the many types of angiosperms is by counting the number of seed leaves or ________________________.

53.  Angiosperms with only ONE cotyledon are called _______________________________  or simply  _____________________.

54.  An angiosperm whose embryo has TWO cotyledons are called __________________________________ or simply _______________________.

56.   Plants that produce seed protected by a fruit are called _______________________________.

57.   A dicot is an angiosperm whose embryo has Two _______________________.

58. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the air by the process of ________________________.

59. Bryophytes are _______________-growing plants that live in _____________________  ________________________________.

60. All vascular plants have __________________________ tissues and _____________________________ of _________________________________.

61. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of all ______________________  _________________________.

62. What are the primary functions of spores and seeds?

63. In what ways do green algae differ from plants?

64. Why do nonvascular plants have to live in moist environments?

65. Name three bryophytes, and identify their common characteristics.

66. Which plant phylum contains the tallest and most massive plants?  Is this a phylum of nonvascular, seedless vascular, or seed plants?

67.  Conifers are often found living at high elevations in locations with cold, dry winters.  What characteristic enables them to retain their leaves in these conditions?

 

 

Plant Structure Study Guide

PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1. Cells that support the non-growing parts of plants are called ____________________.

2. Sugars are transported in vascular plants through what tissue?

3. The tissue in a vascular plant that is used to transport water and minerals is __________.
4. Which plant cells are the most abundant and least structurally specialized?
5. Long, narrow cells of xylem with thin separations between them are known as _______.
6. Short, wide cells of xylem with NO end walls function in water transport when the cells are __________.

7. Cells of phloem that help the sieve tube elements to function are called _________________.

8. Growth that makes a plant stem thicker is known as ____________________  ____________.

9. In the meristem regions of plants you would expect to find _____________________ cells.

10. Collenchyma cells would help support which parts of a celery plant?

11. The epidermis on the stems and leaves of young plants prevents ______________________.

12. The vascular cylinder of a root is surrounded by the __________________________.

13.  A plant absorbs water and minerals through  _____________________.

14.  Which type of plant cells function in metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, storage, and healing?

15. Grasses usually have which type of roots?

16. In stems, vascular tissue is arranged to form ________________________.

17. What are the pores in the epidermis of leaves that control water evaporation called?

18.Primary growth in roots results in _________________________ of roots, and secondary growth results in _________________________ of roots.

19. What is the process of the evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant called?

20. The movement of sugars in a plant can be explained by the __________-
_____________  _____________.

21. What causes water molecules to stick together and pull each other up a plant stem?

22. Sugars made in photosynthesis in transported by being pumped into the ___________________________   _______________________________.

23. The function of the endodermis in roots is to _____________________ movement of substances into the ________________________  ___________________ of the root.

24. _______________________________ tissue forms the skin of a plant.

25.  ______________________________ tissue consists of everything that is Not dermal or vascular tissue.

26. The growing regions of plants are called ________________________________________.

27. Meristematic tissue is the only type of plant tissue that produces new cells by _______________.

28. The elongation of stems and roots is called _____________  _______________.

29. Most seed plants have Three basic organs, _________________, ___________________ and
_______________________________.

30. Lateral roots form from the _______________________ inside the root, while lateral stems form from _____________________________ on the surface of stems.

31. Plant cells that are even, thick-walled, rigid cells _____________________________.

32.  The name of the meristem between xylem and phloem  _______________________.

33. The roots that branch off a primary root ________________________  _________________.

34. Plant cells that are irregular, thick-walled cells ______________________________.

35. A root system with an enlarged primary root  _________________________.

36.  Type of meristems found only in monocots  _________________________.

37. Type of root system with many branch roots  _______________________.

38. Type of plants cells that are thin-walled cells that can be cube-shaped or elongated _______________.

39. In Dicots primary growth occurs in _______________________  ________________________ and in monocots it occurs in _______________________ ______________________ and may also occur in _________________________  _________________________.

40. Primary growth results in the ________________________ of plant structures, and secondary growth results in the _____________________ of plant structures.

41. Monocots stems lack ____________________  ____________________ and therefore cannot produce _________________________  growth.

42. Annual rings in woody plants form as a result of the production of _____________________  ___________________, which contain cells of different sizes that were produced during different times of the growing season.

43. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves of a plant by the process of ___________.

Short Answer:
Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay
form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers.

 What are the TWO different types of vascular tissue in plants?  Briefly describe each kind.

2. How are carbohydrates transported throughout a plant? (Explain the pressure-flow hypothesis).

3. Describe tracheids and explain their function.

4. What are the lateral meristems of plants, and what is their function?

5. What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?

6. Explain the main functions of stems, roots and leaves.

7. What adaptations of root maximize water and mineral absorption?

8. Identify the structures that a water molecule would move through on its way from the soil into the xylem of a plant root.

9. What is the relationship between stomata and guard cells? Describe how they function and Describe their role in the activities conducted by leaves.

10. What is transpiration?  How is it related to the movement of water in plants?

11. What is the relationship between the Source and the Sink in the transport of sugars?

12. What are the Four types of tissue found in plants?

13. What are the Three basic types of plant cells?  What are the functions of each?

14. Explain the cohesion-tension theory.

15. List five differences and five similarities between the structure of roots and the structure of stems.

 

Preap Biochemistry Study Guide

 

Biochemistry Review 

 

1. Molecules with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end are called ___________________  _____________________________.

2. A monomer of protein is called an __________________  __________________.

3. An attractive force between like particles is called ___________________________.

4. Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are ______________________.

5. The compound found in living things that supplies the energy in one of its chemical bonds directly to cells is ______________________.

6. Enzymes lower activation energy by___________ to the ____________________ and ______________________ bonds within the ________________________.

7. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are called __________________________.

8. The type of attraction that holds two water molecules together is called __________________________  __________________________.

9. The sharing of three pairs of electrons is called a ___________________  _____________.

10.  The structural building block that determines the characteristics of a compound is called the _____________________________  _______________________.

11.  Large carbon compounds are built from smaller molecules called ______________________________.

12.  What is the type of reaction that forms large molecules from smaller ones? _________________________________  _____________________________.

13.  What type of reaction breaks large molecules into smaller ones? _______________________

14.  What is the by product of a condensation reaction? __________________________

15.  The attractive force between unlike particles is called ____________________________.

16.  A compound that is stored as glycogen in animals and as a starch in plants is ____________________________________.

17.  Lipids are good energy storage molecules because they have many _________________-___________________ bonds.

18.  What are the components of many lipids? ________________________  ______________________

19.  What is the monomer of many polysaccharides? ______________________________

20.  What kind of reaction allows amino acids to become linked together? ________________________________  _____________________________.

21.  Nucleic acids function primarily to carry __________________________  ____________________ and direct _____________________  ______________________.

22. Tends not to react with water, “Water Fearing”  ________________________________

23. Attracted to water molecules, “Water Loving” _________________________________

24. Water is called a ___________________________  ___________________________.
DIRECTIONS: Read Chapter 3, Biochemistry, and Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams or pictures to supplement your answers, but a diagram or picture alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Describe the structure of a water molecule, and explain how the electrical charge is distributed over the molecule.

2. Describe the structure of amino acids and proteins.

3. What are the structural differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

4. What is capillarity? Include defining Adhesion and Cohesion.

5. How does a condensation reaction differ from a hydrolysis reaction?

6. Give Three reasons why water is an effective solvent.

7. What is an organic compound?

8. What property allows carbon compounds to exist in a number of forms?

9. The presence of four electrons in the outermost energy level of a carbon atom enables
carbon atoms to form what THREE Things.

10. Living things contain many different proteins of vastly different shapes and functions.
What determines the shape and thus the function of a particular protein?

11. How does the structure of a phospholipid, linear molecules with a polar end and a
nonpolar end, relate to their function in the cell membrane?

 

Photosynthesis Cellular and Respiration Study Guide

 

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Study Guide

* Name 3 life processes that require energy.

* What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?

* The process of plants capturing sunlight & making complex molecules is called?

* Where in chloroplasts are grana found?

* What are biochemical pathways?

* Name 3 things that happens to light that strikes an object.

* Why does chlorophyll look green to your eyes?

* What happens to chlorophyll’s electrons when they absorb energy?

* What pigments are found in flower petals?

* What chain do electrons enter when they are raised to a higher energy level after absorbing energy?

* What replaces the electrons lost by photosystem I?

* What is the source of oxygen during photosynthesis?

* Complex carbohydrates are made during what part of photosynthesis?

* Where is energy temporarily stored when food molecules are broken down?

* What gas made during photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration?

* What is the process of breaking down food molecules to release stored energy called?

* Name 3 things that occur during glycolysis.

* Breaking down organic molecules without oxygen is known as what?

* What acid builds up in muscles during heavy exercise without enough oxygen?

* Name the 2 stages of cellular respiration.