Author: Biology Junction Team

Second Semester Study Guide Bl

 

Second Semester Review 

 

Are animals autotrophs or heterotrophs? Explain.
What type of symmetry does a sea anemone have?
At which end of an animal is the tail located?
What supportive rod along the back do all chordates have at some time during their life?
How do sponges differ from all other animals?
How does a sponge obtain its food?
What hard, needle like structures are found in the walls of sponges?
Do all animal cells have cell walls? Explain.
In what phylum are squid & octopus found?
Name 4 animals that are classified as cnidarians.
What is the function of collar cells in sponges?
Are animals unicellular or multicellular organisms?
At which end of an animal is the head located?
What kind of symmetry do insects have?
Flatworms use what method to asexually reproduce?
Why do flatworms NOT need circulatory & respiratory systems?
What group of worms has a pseudocoelom?
What is the function of the radula in mollusks?
Which class of mollusks uses “jet propulsion” to move?
Describe torsion in gastropod mollusks.
Give several examples of appendages in arthropods.
Describe the body of all arthropods.
Describe the appendages of all arthropods.
In what group are clamworms found?
Name 3 main classes of mollusks.
What muscles open & close bivalve mollusks?
What makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods?
Name 4 members of the class Crustacea.
What group of animals has 3 body regions & 6 legs?
How do insects benefit agricultural crops?
Name 4 characteristics of all chordates.
In what order are amphibians without tails found?
From what structure in fish did jaws probably arise?
List 4 examples of echinoderms.
What structure in fish filters wastes from blood?
The urinary bladder & kidneys in fish make up what system?
Where are shark eggs fertilized?
What does “Agnatha” mean?
What does “Chondrichthyes” mean?
Describe caecilians.
Name 4 things used by sharks to detect their prey.
What type of symmetry do echinoderms have?
Why do most amphibians have thin, moist skin?
What does “amphibian” mean?
Describe development in placental mammals.
Where is the diaphragm found in mammals?
Name a reptilian characteristic found in birds.
What covers the body of birds?
What covers the body of reptiles?
Describe a reptile’s skin.
Are reptiles ectotherms or endotherms? Explain.
Where are the chorion & amnion found?
How many chambers does a bird’s heart have?
What adaptation of reptiles allowed them to live & reproduce on land?
How many chambers does the heart of most reptiles have?
How many chambers does the heart of mammals have?
Which group of vertebrates has a diaphragm & what is its function?
Are mammals endotherms or ectotherms?
Name 3 groups of ectothermic vertebrates.
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Scientific Method PPT Questions

 

Scientific Method
ppt Questions

Steps in the Scientific Method

1. Name the steps in the scientific method.

 

2. Explain a scientist’s first step in the scientific method.

 

3. Give an example of an observation that a scientist might make.

 

4.Scientists use their __________ to make observations.

5. What is a hypothesis?

 

6. A hypothesis must be _____________ and it __________ an outcome.

7. Some hypotheses are written as __________ statements. 

8. Write a hypothesis for the observation you wrote in question 3.

 

9. What is an experiment?

 

10. What part of an experiment is the variable?

 

11. How many variables should there be in a good experiment?

Controls and Variables

12.An experimenter changes ______ factor and then observes and _______ what happens.

13. Other factors in an experiment must be kept __________ so they won’t effect the ___________.

14. What are these constant factors called?

15. What is the purpose of having a control in an experiment?

16. Name the two types of variables in an experiment.

17. What is the independent variable?

 

18. What is the independent variable?

 

19. In the experiment to find the fastest route to school, what serves as:

     a. the independent variable?

     b. the dependent variable?

     c. the control variable?

20. The best experiments make __________ trials with the independent variable.

Valid Experiments

21. Name the two group needed to have a valid experiment.

22. What is data?

23. What are the two types of data?

24. If the data is numbers, this is called ____________ data.

25. To be useful, collected data must be _____________.

26. Name 3 ways of organizing data.

27. What is the conclusion of an experiment?

 

28. What must be done to verify the results of an experiment?

Review

29.To solve a problem, you should _________ the problem and state _____________ you have made about it.

30. Next, you form a __________ or prediction and conduct an ____________ to test the prediction.

31. During an experiment, _________ must be collected and later ____________..

32. Finally, a scientist forms a ____________ based on your data.

33. To prove the experiment is correct, scientists ___________ their results.

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Scientific Method Solution

Scientific Method Solution

+ N + + + + + + + + + + T + + + O E + + + + + + + + N + + + A I + X H Y P O T H E S I S C C T E + P + + + + D + L + R O H A A L + E + + N + O + E + N A V + D B + R E + R + P + + C R R + E + A P I T + E + S + L T E + + R E I N M A + T I + U + S + + D R O R T E A + S + S + B + N + C O A A B N + Y + I + O I + + + B R L V + T L + O + + + + + L + E S + + + A + N + + T N E D N E P E D + N + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + + T E S T I N G H P A R G + + + (Over,Down,Direction) ANALYSIS(13,14,N) CHART(1,4,S) CONCLUSION(15,3,S) CONTROL(6,10,NE) DATA(4,6,NW) DEPENDENT(11,13,W) ERRORS(4,7,SE) EXPERIMENT(3,2,SE) GRAPH(12,15,W) HYPOTHESIS(5,3,E) INDEPENDENT(3,11,NE) OBSERVATION(2,11,N) REPEATABLE(14,4,SW) TABLE(12,8,SW) TESTING(1,15,E) VARIABLE(10,11,NW)

Scientific Method Notes

 

Scientific Method
All Materials © CmassengaleHow can we determine if something is a fact or an opinion? How can we determine an answer to a problem? The answer is use the scientific method.What is the Scientific Method? It is a series of steps used to help solve a problem.

  • Step 1. Make an Observation. After making an observation of the natural world, define the problem and make sure only one problem is being studied. ALL scientific experimentation starts with observation.
  • Step 2. Research the problem (question). Use all available resources to collect data on the subject being covered. Libraries, Internet, books, magazines, personal interviews, etc.
  • Step 3. Develop a hypothesis (educated guess). Make it a short definitive statement. It may be an “if” then” statement. The “if” part will become the hypothesis and the then part should be the results received at the end of the controlled experiment. Remember your hypothesis can be changed if the results do not support it.
  • Step 4. Develop a controlled experiment. A controlled experiment is an experiment that contains only one experimental variable. An experimental or independent variable is the thing being tested (what the scientist changes). Everything else in the experiment or all other variables must be the same. These variables are also called the controlled variables. Keeping these variables the same allows the experimenter to show that it was the experimental variable that caused the results. The dependent variable is what changes when the independent variable changes – the dependent variable depends on the outcome of the independent variable.  Data should be organized into charts, tables, or graphs.
  • Step 5. Analyze the data and come up with a conclusion. Data may be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative (appearance, properties, etc.).  The conclusion may or may not support the hypothesis. Additional experimentation must then take place to build documentation concerning the problem. If the hypothesis is proven wrong, change the hypothesis, not the data. Scientists must be unbiased.
  • WHAT FOLLOWS: Scientific research must be published, but first it must be reviewed by peers (other scientists) and verified for accuracy.  Research may result in a scientific theory or law.

Example:

Observation: Toaster stops working.
Question/Research: What is wrong with the toaster? (Read toaster Manual.)
Hypotheses: (1) It is unplugged. (2) The unit is burned out.
Experiments:  (1) Check the plug. (2) Take the toaster apart and look at the heating wires.
Results & Conclusion: If it was unplugged the first hypothesis is supported, if the wires inside are broken, then the second hypothesis is supported.

 

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Scientific Method & Blood Flow

 

Scientific Method & Blood

 

INTRODUCTION:

In this lab you will learn to form a hypothesis, conduct experiments around that hypothesis, and collect and analyze data. One of the most important characteristics of modern science is its quantitative approach to solving problems. One of the first scientists to use quantitative methods was William Harvey, who discovered that blood circulated through the body. At the time Harvey began his work, anatomists believed that the liver produced blood from the food that the body consumed. The blood was then carried by veins to the heart, purified in the lungs, and then pumped to the various organs of the body, where it was consumed. Harvey measured that the left ventricle of the heart held roughly 100 ml of blood. He also measured that the heart beats an average of 64 times per minute.

QUESTION 1:

From the information above, and assuming that 1 ml of blood weighs 1 g, how much blood would the body need to produce per hour in ( g/hr.) to replace the blood consumed by the organs? _______g/hr.

Harvey hypothesized that the same blood must circulate continuously throughout the body.

MATERIALS:

Watch with second hand, or clock

PROCEDURE:

  1. While sitting quietly at your desk, find the pulse in your wrist and count the beats for one minute. You and your lab partner can do this on yourselves, or each other. Record the names of both subjects and their beats per minute heart rate on DATA TABLE 1 as sample 1.
  2. Repeat step 1 two more times for each subject. Record the data in the appropriate place on DATA TABLE 1.
  3. Calculate the average pulse rate for each subject and record the results on DATA TABLE 1.

How do you think standing or holding your breath will affect your pulse rate? ______________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:

Choose one of these activities and formulate a hypothesis about its effect on pulse rate. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?

Hypothesis _______________________________________________

Independent Variable _______________________________________

Dependent Variable ________________________________________

  1. Repeat steps 1, 2, and 3 for each subject, this time with the subjects standing or holding their breath. Record your data and calculations in the appropriate DATA TABLE

 

 

DATA TABLE 1: Resting heart rate
NUMBER OF BEATS PER MINUTE AVERAGE NUMBER OF
BEATS PER MINUTE
SUBJECT sample 1 sample 2 sample 3

 

 

 

DATA TABLE 2: Heart rate standing
NUMBER OF BEATS PER MINUTE AVERAGE NUMBER OF
BEATS PER MINUTE
SUBJECT sample 1 sample 2 sample 3

 

 

 

DATA TABLE 3: Heart rate holding breath
NUMBER OF BEATS PER MINUTE AVERAGE NUMBER OF
BEATS PER MINUTE
SUBJECT sample 1 sample 2 sample 3

 

Conclusion:  Compare your data from step 4 with your data from step 3.

1. How do your results in step 4 compare with the hypothesis you made?

 

2. What measurement did you use as a control in this investigation?

 

3. What are some possible sources of error in this experiment?