Author: Biology Junction Team

Properties of Living Things

 

Properties of Living things

 

 

·        Early Views of life

o       Vitalism:

§        Life was generated by a objects acquisition of “Ethers” which would manifest animate it.

§        Led to idea of spontaneous generation

·        Flies came from dead animals

·        Mice came from Hay

§        Idea was challenged by scientist Francesco Redi in 1698.

·        Designed an experiment where 3 jars contained meat.

o       One Jar contained meat and had an open top which would allow the passage of “ethers” and flies. (maggots would appear on the meat)

 

o       The second jar was covered with an airtight lid allowing the passage of neither “ethers” or flies. (no maggots would appear on the meat)

 

o       The third was covered by a screen allowing passage of “ethers”, but not flies. (no maggots would appear on meat)

Setup 1              Setup 2           Setup 3

 

o       Since the third setup would theoretically allow the passage of “ethers”, but no maggots appeared, it was implied that flies were the source of the maggots.

 

·        Led to the theory of Biogenesis

o       All life comes from preexisting life

 

PROPERTIES of LIFE

 

1. Be made of Cells.

·        The Cell is the basic unit of life

·        Is self contained and possesses a barrier (membrane) which separates itself from the environment.

·        Two types of organisms.

·        Unicellular – One celled organism (Uni=1)

·        Multicellular – Many cells (Multi=”many”)

 

2. Living Things must Reproduce.

·        Must be able to create more of it’s own kind

·        Two types of reproduction:

·        Sexual – Two parent organisms combine genetic material to produce the offspring.

·        Asexual – When a single organism can divide or “bud” to create it’s offspring without another of it’s species.

 

3. Living things must Have DNA.

·        (Universal Genetic Code?)

 

4. Living things must Grow & Develop.

·        Growth refers to two processes.

·        Increase in the number of cells.

·        Increase in the size of cells.

·        Development refers to changes in the organism which occur through it’s life-span.

·        Includes cell differentiation.

·        Includes organ development

·        Includes aging & death.

 

 

5. Living things obtain & use energy.

·        Energy is used by all living things for growth, development & reproduction.

·        Life processes which result in “building” the organism ia known as Anabolism.

·        Life process where energy is extracted by “breaking-down” substances is called Catabolism.

 

6.  Living things must Respond (or react) to their environment in some way.

·        Something which causes an organism to react is known as a Stimulus (stimuli).

·        The ability of an organism to react is called Irritability.

·        Most responses are geared for maintaining Homeostasis.

·        Homeostasis is a process where an organism maintains a stable internal environment so life can continue.

·        Some examples include temperature, pH, and water content of the cell.

 

7. Must Maintain homeostasis.

·        Internal stable set of internal conditions allowing the chemical reactions of life to occur.

Square Roots

 

AP Biology Grading

Some major test grades will be determined by taking the square root of the student’s raw score (number of points correct). For example, if there are 50 questions on a test and each question counts 2 points each, a student who answers 35 questions correctly (70% of the total points possible or 70 points) will receive a score of √ 70 or 84%.

Table of Squares and Square Roots

Use this table to find the squares and square roots of numbers from 1 to 100.

You can also use this table to estimate the square roots of larger numbers.

  • For instance, if you want to find the square root of 2000, look in the middle column until you find the number that is closest to 2000. The number in the middle column that is closest to 2000 is 2,025.
  • Now look in at the number to the left of 2,025 to find its square root. The square root of 2,025 is 45.
  • Therefore, the approximate square root of 2,000 is 45.

To get a more exact number, you will have to use a calculator (44.721 is the more exact square root of 2,000).

 

Number Square Square root
1 1 1.000
2 4 1.414
3 9 1.732
4 16 2.000
5 25 2.236
6 36 2.449
7 49 2.646
8 64 2.828
9 81 3.000
10 100 3.162
11 121 3.317
12 144 3.464
13 169 3.606
14 196 3.742
15 225 3.873
16 256 4.000
17 289 4.123
18 324 4.243
19 361 4.359
20 400 4.472
21 441 4.583
22 484 4.690
23 529 4.796
24 576 4.899
25 625 5.000
26 676 5.099
27 729 5.196
28 784 5.292
29 841 5.385
30 900 5.477
31 961 5.568
32 1,024 5.657
33 1,089 5.745
34 1,156 5.831
35 1,225 5.916
36 1,296 6.000
37 1,369 6.083
38 1,444 6.164
39 1,521 6.245
40 1,600 6.325
41 1,681 6.403
42 1,764 6.481
43 1,849 6.557
44 1,936 6.633
45 2,025 6.708
46 2,116 6.782
47 2,209 6.856
48 2,304 6.928
49 2,401 7.000
50 2,500 7.071
51 2,601 7.141
52 2,704 7.211
53 2,809 7.280
54 2,916 7.348
55 3,025 7.416
56 3,136 7.483
57 3,249 7.550
58 3,364 7.616
59 3,481 7.681
60 3,600 7.746
61 3,721 7.810
62 3,844 7.874
63 3,969 7.937
64 4,096 8.000
65 4,225 8.062
66 4,356 8.124
67 4,489 8.185
68 4,624 8.246
69 4,761 8.307
70 4,900 8.367
71 5,041 8.426
72 5,184 8.485
73 5,329 8.544
74 5,476 8.602
75 5,625 8.660
76 5,776 8.718
77 5,929 8.775
78 6,084 8.832
79 6,241 8.888
80 6,400 8.944
81 6,561 9.000
82 6,724 9.055
83 6,889 9.110
84 7,056 9.165
85 7,225 9.220
86 7,396 9.274
87 7,569 9.327
88 7,744 9.381
89 7,921 9.434
90 8,100 9.487
91 8,281 9.539
92 8,464 9.592
93 8,649 9.644
94 8,836 9.695
95 9,025 9.747
96 9,216 9.798
97 9,409 9.849
98 9,604 9.899
99 9,801 9.950
100 10,000 10.000

 

NOTE: Square roots in this table are rounded to the nearest thousandth.

 

Seed Plants Bi

For the Angiosperms the two variation of this basic design are seen in the two Classes (Monocots versus Dicots) (see fig. 23-2).

 

MONOCOTS		 DICOTS
Flower structure arranged in group of three arranged in groups of four or five
Leaves narrow with parallel veins wider with branching netlike veins
Vascular tissue scattered vascular bundles Ring of vascular bundles
Roots Many smaller roots One main taproot
Seed One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Scientist Brochure Webquest

 

Famous Scientists Webquest

Introduction

     The government needs a brilliant scientist to head its new department: The Scientific Masters of Applied Research and Technology (SMART). Using an amazing new technology, you can actually become another person with injections of their DNA! (This is “science fiction”!) You will be going on a job interview for this most prestigious job! You need to prepare for the interview by compiling an awesome brochure for your resume. After all interviews have been completed, the class will display the scientists who will potentially become the new National Director of SMART!

The Task

You are to create a brochure with information about your scientist. Below is a list of information you should include in the brochure:

  • educational background
  • previous job experience
  • special interests, hobbies
  • contributions to the scientific world
  • organization memberships
  • special honors awarded

Resources

     You may use internet resources as well as library resources to gather information about your men and women scientists.  Below is a list of helpful websites to use for your research:

The Process

     FIRST, you will choose one of the following scientific fields to research:

  • Biology

  • Environmental science

  • Zoology

NEXT, choose one scientist to research.  Print or write out the resume and complete the       information about your scientist.

BIOLOGISTS
Alice Catherine Evans
Stephen Jay Gould
Rosalind Franklin
Barbara McClintock
Lynn Harper
Myra Adele Logan
Angella Ferguson
Gertrude B. Elion

ZOOLOGISTS/ ENVIRONMENTALISTS
Rachel Carson
Aldo Leopold
Margaret Morse Nice
Dian Fossey
Jane Goodall
Eugenie Clark

    THEN, using the resume worksheet, complete the information as described below to assist you in completing your bibliography.

  • Name: (The name of the scientist you researched)

  • Country of Birth: (Where the scientist was born)

  • Date of Birth/Date of Death: (birthday and date deceased if applicable)

  • Education: (List the names of colleges attended and majors studied during college)

  • Job Experience: (List relevant job experience)

  • Awards Received: (What awards has your scientist received?)

  • Contributions to the Scientific World: (What has your scientist done help the world be a better place?)

  • Interests/Hobbies: (Scientists have other interests; list them if you can find what else they may be interested in)

  • Miscellaneous: (You may add any other interesting information to your biography such as books your scientist has written, memberships to scientific societies, etc.

    Finally, create a brochure (flyer) using the information from your scientist’s resume.  Be creative with the brochure and include pictures.

     How to make a brochure in Publisher

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Scientific Method PPT Questions

 

Scientific Method
ppt Questions

Steps in the Scientific Method

1. Name the steps in the scientific method.

 

2. Explain a scientist’s first step in the scientific method.

 

3. Give an example of an observation that a scientist might make.

 

4.Scientists use their __________ to make observations.

5. What is a hypothesis?

 

6. A hypothesis must be _____________ and it __________ an outcome.

7. Some hypotheses are written as __________ statements. 

8. Write a hypothesis for the observation you wrote in question 3.

 

9. What is an experiment?

 

10. What part of an experiment is the variable?

 

11. How many variables should there be in a good experiment?

Controls and Variables

12.An experimenter changes ______ factor and then observes and _______ what happens.

13. Other factors in an experiment must be kept __________ so they won’t effect the ___________.

14. What are these constant factors called?

15. What is the purpose of having a control in an experiment?

16. Name the two types of variables in an experiment.

17. What is the independent variable?

 

18. What is the independent variable?

 

19. In the experiment to find the fastest route to school, what serves as:

     a. the independent variable?

     b. the dependent variable?

     c. the control variable?

20. The best experiments make __________ trials with the independent variable.

Valid Experiments

21. Name the two group needed to have a valid experiment.

22. What is data?

23. What are the two types of data?

24. If the data is numbers, this is called ____________ data.

25. To be useful, collected data must be _____________.

26. Name 3 ways of organizing data.

27. What is the conclusion of an experiment?

 

28. What must be done to verify the results of an experiment?

Review

29.To solve a problem, you should _________ the problem and state _____________ you have made about it.

30. Next, you form a __________ or prediction and conduct an ____________ to test the prediction.

31. During an experiment, _________ must be collected and later ____________..

32. Finally, a scientist forms a ____________ based on your data.

33. To prove the experiment is correct, scientists ___________ their results.

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