Author: Biology Junction Team

Chapter 2 – Chemistry Outline

 

Student Name
Date
Period
Chapter 2        Chemistry Outline
I. Composition of Matter
         A. Matter
  * 1.1  1. Makes up everything
             2. Occupies space & has mass
             3. Mass – quantity of matter making up an object
             4. Pull of gravity produces weight
             5. Chemical changes in matter necessary for life processes
   B. Elements and Atoms
           1. Pure substances that can’t be chemically broken down
           2. about 30 elements important to organisms
           3. Most common elements are C, H, O, N
           4. Symbols (1-2 letters) stand for elements
             5. May use Latin or Greek  e.g. Na – sodium (natrium)
*1.2 6. Simplest part of an element with the same properties
                                
 C. Nucleus
           1.  Most of the mass
           2. Central part of an atom
           3.

Chemistry Powerpoint Worksheet

Chemistry PowerPoint Notes  

1. What makes up everything in the universe?  

2. Name 2 properties of all matter.  

 

3. Define mass.  

 

4. How does weight differ from mass?  

 

5.What are elements?  

 

6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing.  

 

7. What is used to represent an element?  

8. Name the smallest part of an element.  

9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom?  

10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain?  

11. What is the charge on a proton?              A neutron?  

12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ number of protons.  

13. The number of protons in an atom determines the _________________________.  

14. What is the charge on an electron?  

15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons?  

 

16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons?  

17. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ___________.  

18. The mass of an atom is centered in the ___________.  

19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an atom determines its ___________________.  

20. What atomic particle has a negative charge?  

21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element?  

 

22. Where are electrons found?

23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy?  

24. How many energy levels are there & name them?  

25. How many electrons will each energy level hold?  

 

26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ by their atomic _____________.  

27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements?  

 

28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements?  

 

29. Two or more elements combined together make a _____________.  

30. Chemical ______________ represent compounds.  

31. _____________ are the smallest part of a compound.  

32. ______________ in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element.  

33. _____________ in a formula tell the number of molecules.  

34. Compounds have ____________ properties than its elements.  

35.  The outermost _______________ in elements determine if they will combine.  

36. Elements with ___________ outer energy levels are stable & won’t react.  

37. Why do elements tend to react with other elements?  

 

38. Chemical _____________ represent chemical reactions.  

39. ______________ appear on the right of the equation, while ___________ are on the left.  

40. Chemical bonds store ____________.  

41. How do covalent bonds form?

 

42. How do ions form?

 

43. Positive ions _________ electrons, while negative ions ___________ electrons.  

44.  Define energy.  

 

43. Give some examples of different forms of energy.  

44. Atoms are in constant ________________, which determines the atom’s ____________.  

45.  List the 3 main states of matter.  

46. _______________ energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter.  

47. In reactions the amount of product must ____________ the amount of reactants.  

48. Most of an organism’s energy comes from _____________ in foods.  

49. _______________ reactions release energy.  

50. Give an example of an exergonic reaction in cells.  

51. _________________ reactions store energy.  

52.  Give an example of an endergonic reaction in cells.  

53. Most reactions in cells are _________________.  

54.  _________________ energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.  

55. Catalysts _____________ the amount of activation energy needed.  

56. Catalysts in organisms are called ______________ and are usually ______________.  

57. Enzymes act on ____________ which join at the _______________ site.  

58. Can enzymes be reused?  

59. Redox reactions stands for _________________________ reactions.  

60. The oxidized substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.  

61. The reduced substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.  

62. Define solution.

 

63. The _____________ is dissolved in the ____________ in a solution.  

64. _______________ is the universal solvent.  

65. A solution becomes _____________ when no more solute will dissolve.  

66. ______________ solutions have water as the solvent & are important to ______________.  

67. What is the dissociation of water?

 

68. Write the equation for this.

 

69.  OH is the ______________ ion, while H+ is the ______________ ion.  

70. Acids produce _____________ ions, while bases have an excess of ________ ions.  

71. The _______ scale measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes from ____________.  

72. From 0 to 7 are ___________, a pH of 7 is __________, & above 7 to 14 are _________.  

73. _____________ are used in the body to control pH and keep it near a pH of ______ or neutral.  

 

Cell Division Worksheet Ch 8 BI

 

Cell Division

 

 

Section 8-1 Chromosomes

 

1. What molecule in cells stores the genetic information?

2. DNA is built of billions of subunits called __________________________.

3. What are chromosomes, & when can they be seen?

4. What is the shape of chromosomes, & what 2 things are they made of?

5. Each chromosome is a single ________________ molecule with ____________________.

6. What is the purpose of histones?

7. What is the purpose of nonhistone proteins?

8. Chromosomes consist of two identical _____________________ called _________________.

9. What is a centromere?

10. Draw and label the parts of a chromosome.

11. Chromatids _______________________ during cell division so the two new cells will each
receive _________________ chromatid.

12. How does DNA appear in a cell between cell divisions?

13. What is chromatin & when does it exist in cells?

14. How many chromosomes do prokaryotes have?

15. How many chromosomes do each of these organisms have:
a. humans?
b. dog?
c. fruit fly?

16. What are the two categories of chromosomes?

17. Give 2 functions of the sex chromosomes.

18. Name the 2 sex chromosomes & tell what combination determines a male and a female organism.

19. What are autosomes & how many autosomes are in human cells?

20. What are homologous chromosomes & how do they compare to each other?

21. What is a karyotype?

22. In a human karyotype, where would each of these be found:
a. sex chromosomes?
b. longest homologs?
c. autosomes?

23. What is the main difference between diploid & haploid cells?

24. What type of cells in human would be diploid? Haploid?

25. How are diploid cells abbreviated? Haploid cells?

26. When a haploid (1n) ______________________ cell combines with a haploid
_______________________ cell, the new cell will be ______________________
or ____________________________.

 

Section 8-2 Cell Division

 

27. All cells are derived from ___________________________________.

28. What is cell division?

29. Define binary fission.

30. Describe the stages in binary fission of a prokaryote.

31. How do the two new cells compare to each other after binary fission? How do they compare to the original cell?

32. What two main cellular parts must be divided in eukaryotic cell division?

33. Name the 2 types of cell division in eukaryotes.

34. Define mitosis.

35. What type of cell uses mitosis?

36. What effect does meiosis have on the chromosome number of a cell?

37. How do the cells produced by meiosis reestablish a complete set of chromosomes?

38. What is the cell cycle?

39. Draw & label all parts of the cell cycle. (Figure 8-5, page 149)

40. What is the time between divisions in the life of a cell called?

41. How many phases is interphase divided into? Cell division?

42. Name the 2 parts of cell division.

43. What happens to the cell in each of these two parts of cell division?

44. In what stage do cells spend most of their time?

45. What is the size of cells immediately following cell division?

46. Name the 1st stage of interphase & tell what happens to the cell.

47. What stage of interphase do cells enter once they become mature?

48. What happens to a cell during the S phase of interphase?

49. What is the last stage of interphase called & what is happening to the cell?

50. What is the Go phase and what type of human cells are in this phase?

51. Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order.

52. What cellular part actually divides during mitosis?

53. Describe everything that happens to a cell during prophase.

54. Sketch and label a picture of a cell in prophase.

55. What are centrosomes & when do they appear?

56. What type of cell has centrosomes?

57. What is found inside centrosomes?

58. Are centrioles found in both plant & animal cells? Explain.

59. What forms from centrioles & what is their function?

60. Name the 2 types of fibers that make up the mitotic spindle & describe each one.

61. Describe everything that happens to a cell during metaphase.

62. Sketch & label a cell during metaphase.

63. Describe everything that happens to a cell during anaphase.

64. Sketch and label a cell during anaphase.

65. Describe everything that happens to a cell during telophase.

66. Sketch & label an animal cell during telophase.

67. Mitosis is division of the _______________________, while ________________________
is the division of the cytoplasm.

68. Define cytokinesis.

69. Describe how cytokinesis occurs in animal cells & include a drawing (figure 8-7, page 151)

70. The ____________________ pinches a dividing animal cell into two new cells by the action
of ______________________________.

71. How does the cell plate from during cytokinesis of a plant cell?

72. Sketch and label a plant cell during cytokinesis (figure 8-8, page 151)

73. How do the new cells formed after mitosis & cytokinesis compare in size & chromosome number to each other and the original cell that divided?

74. The original cell that divides is called the _______________________ cell, while the
two new cells are called ____________________ cells. (from lecture)

 

Section 8-3 Meiosis

 

75. What is meiosis?

76. What type of cell undergoes meiosis?

77. Meiosis produces ___________________ reproductive cells called ____________________.

78. Name the 2 human gametes & tell their chromosome number.

79. What is the chromosome number for humans?

80. The fusion of a _________________ and an _____________ produces a
________________ with 46 (2n) chromosome number.

81. Cells starting mitosis & meiosis begin with a ____________________ set of chromosomes.

82. How many times do cells divide during meiosis?

83. What are the stages of meiosis called?

84. Explain what happens during Meiosis I to each of these structures:
a. chromosomes?
b. spindle?
c. nucleus?
d. nucleolus?

85. What is synapsis & when does it occur?

86. What is a tetrad?

87. How are genes aligned on homologous chromosomes?

88. Explain what happens during crossing-over?

89. Sketch and color a picture of chromosomes during crossing-over. (Figure 8-10, page 154)

90. What type of material is exchanged during crossing-over?

91. Crossing over results in genetic _______________________________.

92. Draw a cell during anaphase I and explain what is occurring.

93. What is independent assortment & what result does it produce?

94. Name 2 things that occur during telophase I.

95. How many cells are formed at the end of Meiosis I & how many copies of chromosomes does each cell have?

96. Is DNA copied before Meiosis II?

97. How many cells form at the end of Meiosis II and how many chromosomes do they contain?

98. In humans, meiosis occurs in the ___________________ and in the __________________
producing cells called ________________________.

99. Define spermatogenesis & tell where it occurs.

100. Sketch spermatogenesis (Figure 8-12a, page 155).

101. What are spermatids & how many form from meiosis?

102. Define oogenesis & tell where it occurs.

103. Sketch oogenesis (Figure 8-12B, Page 155).

104. Mature egg cells are called ___________________.

105. Explain how only one egg cell is formed instead of four from meiosis.

106. What are the 3 other products of meiosis called?

107. Define asexual reproduction.

108. Name 2 types of asexual reproduction.

109. Name a type of asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms.

110. How do the offspring of asexual reproduction compare to their parents?

111. Define sexual reproduction.

112. How do offspring from sexual reproduction compare to their parents?

113. Is there ever a case in sexual reproduction where offspring can be genetically alike? Explain.

114. What is the evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction?

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Cell Drawings HRWch4

Cell Drawings

Holt, Rinehart, Winston    Modern Biology

Draw on separate sheets of unlined paper, label drawing & each part, color, and tell the function of EACH LABELED PART (FUNCTION MUST BE WRITTEN NEXT TO THE LABEL) for the following cell drawings:

Page 72    Figure 4.4         Cell Shapes

Page 74    Figure 4.6         Animal Cell

Page 75    Figure 4.7         Bacterial cell (Prokaryote)

Page 76    Figure 4.9         Cell Organization

Page 77    Figure 4.10       Phospholipid

Page 78    Figure 4.11        Cell Membrane

Page 79    Figure 4.12        Nucleus & Nucleolus

Page 80    Figure 4.13        Mitochondria

Page 80    Figure 4.14        Ribosome

Page 81    Figure 4.15        Endoplasmic Reticulum

Page 82    Figure 4.16        Golgi

Page 84    Figure 4.18        Cytoskeleton

Page 85    Figure 4.19        Microtubule

Page 87    Figure 4.21        Plant Cell

Page 89    Figure 4.23        Chloroplast

When all drawings are complete — drawn, colored, labeled, and all functions written — then make a cover sheet with your name and a title and staple this to the top of your drawings. Number the pages in the lower right hand corner.

NO FUNCTIONS; NO GRADE!

Cell Exploration Webquest

 
 

 

CELL EXPLORATION WEBQUEST

 

INTRODUCTION

Every living thing is composed of at least one cell. Bacteria, amoebae, and paramecia are made of one cell and are capable of the activities of life. Organisms made of one cell are unicellular. Most living things are made of more than one cell and are called multicellular. Cells of these organisms function together to accomplish life activities. How many cells do you think make up your body? The human body is made of trillions of cells.

In order to understand how the cell functions in your body, we have to take a look at how your body is organized. Since you are made of matter, and all matter is made of atoms, your body is a collection of atoms. These atoms combined in specific ways to form molecules. Some of the important molecules in your body are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, salts, water, and nucleic acids. These molecules combined to form the structures that make up a cell. Since each cell is capable of the activities of life, it is the smallest unit of life.

Cells that are similar can function together. These collections of cells are called tissues. Some tissues that you may be familiar with are the muscle tissue that makes up your heart, epithelial tissue that makes up your skin, and connective tissue that holds your body together. Different groups of tissues can be arranged to form organs. Some organs that you may be familiar with are the stomach, intestines, heart, and lungs. For example, the stomach has epithelium to line the outside and inside surfaces for protection and the muscle tissue allows your stomach to squeeze and churn. Groups of organs can work together as an organ system to perform a specific function. The digestive system functions to breakdown and absorb food so that our bodies can use the energy. The pancreas, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, and esophagus are some of the organs that make up the digestive system. There are 13 systems in the human body that function together to produce an organism – YOU!

To review:

ATOMS ——> MOLECULES ——-> CELLS ——-> TISSUES ——-> ORGANS ——> SYSTEMS ——> ORGANISM
The focus of this activity is to learn more about the cell and how it functions in your body.

CELL SIZE

Cells are very small and you must use a microscope to look at them. Watch this video (click on “start animation”), then look at the size of cells and answer the following questions. To give you an idea about size, the length of a key on the keyboard is about 1 cm.

Question:
Answer:
A. Is a bacterium larger or smaller than an animal cell?
B. How many bacteria can fit into an animal cell?
C. Are plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?

 

EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES

Since the cell is the fundamental unit of life, it must be capable of independent existence. Some of the necessary life activities are communication, metabolism, protection, and waste disposal. In order to carry out these jobs, the cell has different organs inside of it just like your body has organs. These “tiny organs” are called organelles. Different organs have different jobs and they need the proper supplies of ATP (cellular energy), proteins, oxygen, and other nutrients to carry out their jobs.
There are different types of cells that have different functions, but all cells have some common features. The things common to all cells are a cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, and organelles. Take a look at a drawing of an animal cell. (Hold cursor over organelle to identify it.)

To understand how the cell carries out its functions, you should know more about the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and organelles. Click on each structure given in the table below to learn more about each cell part. Complete the table by writing a brief description and function for each part.

The things common to all cells are a cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, and organelles. Remember that plant cells have three structures that animal cells don’t.  Now look at a drawing of a plant cell.  (Hold cursor over organelle to identify it.)

COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW:

Structure
Description
Function
 CHLOROPLAST
 CELL WALL
CENTRAL VACUOLE 

 
PROKARYOTIC CELLS

 

        Remember that prokaryotic cells are only found in bacteria!  They’re simpler than eukaryotic cells.  Look at the bacterial cell, and complete the table below:

Structure
Description
Function

After you have read about  cells, take the cell quiz. Check your answer after you answer each question.

 

 

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