Biology Junction Team - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 26 – Origin of Life

AP Biology: CHAPTER 26: ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. Start with the origin of the earth and identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for

each of the following steps leading to current life forms on earth.

a. Origin of the earth ________________________________________________________

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b. Prokaryotes _____________________________________________________________

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c. Oxidizing atmosphere _____________________________________________________

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d. Eukaryotic cells __________________________________________________________

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e. Multicellular life __________________________________________________________

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2. What was significant about the discovery of the iron oxide bands in the sedimentary layers.

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3. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ___________________________________________

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4. Why did evolution seem to slow 750 to 570 million years ago?

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5. What was special about the Cambrium Explosion?

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6. Describe a few adaptations essential for the invasion of plants onto land.

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7. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life

a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth

b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis

c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers

d. RNA may have been the first genetic material

e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly

f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information

g. Debate about the origin of life abounds

8. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. _______________________

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9. What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate with his experiment? ___________________________

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10. List the four stages for the formation of life.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

11. What metabolic processes would you expect to see in protobionts?

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12. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code?

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13. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey accomplish?

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14. What are some of the possible locations for the first life forms?

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15. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus?

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16. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress?

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17. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification?

a. ________________________________________________________________________

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b. ________________________________________________________________________

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18. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?

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19. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer.

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20. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of

life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or

DNA), Membrane transport

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21. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis

hypothesis.

22. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, and the geologic eras the

origin of life on Earth.

AP Lecture Guide 29-30 – Plant Diversity

AP Biology: CHAPTER 29 & 30- PLANT DIVERSITY

1. Chart the four phyla of the plant kingdom. Include common names of each, the approximate

number of extant species, and the major characteristics.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

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b. _______________________________________________________________________

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c. _______________________________________________________________________

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d. _______________________________________________________________________

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2. Why are Charophyceans thought to be ancestors of land plants?

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3. List several adaptations of land plants significant for terrestrial survival.

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4. Label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations.

5. Describe a few features common to Bryophytes.

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6. What is the dominant phase of the moss life cycle?

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7. List a couple of adaptations of Pteridophytes (ferns) not seen in Bryophytes.

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8. What is the dominant phase of the fern life cycle? _________________________________

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9. How is the reduced gametophyte an adaptation for seeded plants?

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10. What is the significance of the seed? ___________________________________________

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11. What was the advantage of pollen? _____________________________________________

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12. List the four phyla of gymnosperms. Which is the most common? _____________________

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13. Identify five differences between monocots and dicots.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

14. What is the adaptive value of the flower to plants? _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

15. Describe the role of ovaries and ovules in the flowering plants.

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16. List several features of angiosperms that aid in seed dispersal.

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AP Lecture Guide HGP

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
INSIGHTS LEARNED FROM THE SEQUENCE

What has been learned from analysis of the working draft sequence of the human genome? What is still unknown?

By the Numbers

• The human genome contains 3164.7 million chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G).

• The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.

• The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 to 35,000, much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 140,000 that had been based on extrapolations from gene-rich areas as opposed to a composite of gene-rich and gene-poor areas.

• The order of almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.

• The functions are unknown for over 50% of discovered genes.

The Wheat from the Chaff

• Less than 2% of the genome encodes for the production of proteins.

• Repeated sequences that do not code for proteins (“junk DNA”) make up at least 50% of the human genome.

• Repetitive sequences are thought to have no direct functions, but they shed light on chromosome structure and dynamics. Over time, these repeats reshape the genome by rearranging it, thereby creating entirely new genes or modifying and reshuffling existing genes.

• During the past 50 million years, a dramatic decrease seems to have occurred in the rate of accumulation of repeats in the human genome.

How It’s Arranged

• The human genome’s gene-dense “urban centers” are predominantly composed of the DNA building blocks G and C.

• In contrast, the gene-poor “deserts” are rich in the DNA building blocks A and T. GC- and AT-rich regions usually can be seen through a microscope as light and dark bands on chromosomes.

• Genes appear to be concentrated in random areas along the genome, with vast expanses of noncoding DNA between.

• Stretches of up to 30,000 C and G bases repeating over and over often occur adjacent to gene-rich areas, forming a barrier between the genes and the “junk DNA.” These CpG islands are believed to help regulate gene activity.

• Chromosome 1 has the most genes (2968), and the Y chromosome has the fewest (231).

How the Human Genome Compares with That of Other Organisms

• Unlike the human’s seemingly random distribution of gene-rich areas, many other organisms’ genomes are more uniform, with genes evenly spaced throughout.

• Humans have on average three times as many kinds of proteins as the fly or worm because of mRNA transcript “alternative splicing” and chemical modifications to the proteins. This process can yield different protein products from the same gene.

• Humans share most of the same protein families with worms, flies, and plants, but the number of gene family members has expanded in humans, especially in proteins involved in development and immunity.

• The human genome has a much greater portion (50%) of repeat sequences than the mustard weed (11%), the worm (7%), and the fly (3%).

• Although humans appear to have stopped accumulating repeated DNA over 50 million years ago, there seems to be no such decline in rodents. This may account for some of the fundamental differences between hominids and rodents, although gene estimates are similar in these species. Scientists have proposed many theories to explain evolutionary contrasts between humans and other organisms, including those of life span, litter sizes, inbreeding, and genetic drift.

Variations and Mutations

• Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single-base DNA differences (SNPs) occur in humans. This information promises to revolutionize the processes of finding chromosomal locations for disease-associated sequences and tracing human history.

• The ratio of germline (sperm or egg cell) mutations is 2:1 in males vs females. Researchers point to several reasons for the higher mutation rate in the male germline, including the greater number of cell divisions required for sperm formation than for eggs.

What We Still Don’t Know: A Checklist for Future Research

• Exact gene number, exact locations, and functions

• Gene regulation

• DNA sequence organization

• Chromosomal structure and organization

• Noncoding DNA types, amount, distribution, information content, and functions

• Coordination of gene expression, protein synthesis, and post-translational events

• Interaction of proteins in complex molecular machines

• Predicted vs experimentally determined gene function

• Evolutionary conservation among organisms

• Protein conservation (structure and function)

• Proteomes (total protein content and function) in organisms

• Correlation of SNPs (single-base DNA variations among individuals) with health and disease

• Disease-susceptibility prediction based on gene sequence variation

• Genes involved in complex traits and multigene diseases

• Complex systems biology, including microbial consortia useful for environmental restoration

• Developmental genetics, genomics

http://genome.gsc.riken.go.jp/hgmis/project/journals/insights.html

AP Plant Study Guide-8b

Unit 8B – Plants

Know the following:

water potential of a turgid plant cell in pure water
adaptations of hydrophytes
what occurs if guard & surrounding epidermal cells are K+ deficient
how stomata are opened & closed
what must the plant expend for bulk flow of water in the root apoplast
which part of an oat seedling detects the direction of light
effect of gibberellins on the aleurone layer of seeds
how plant hormones determine the bending of plants toward light
what hormone might produce normal growth in a mutant dwarf plant
what can function as a sink in plants
why does photosynthesis decrease in wilting leaves
what are epiphytes
what is chlorosis
what soil characteristics would be the least productive to plant growth
what happens to most water taken up by a plant
how solutes move in plants according to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport
what causes guttation to occur
why does most of the water in xylem move upward in a tree
what property of water causes cohesion of its molecules
function of companion cells
what 2 elements make up most of the dry weight of plants
what could be the harmful effect of spraying a fungicide on a woodlot
what do carnivorous plants supplement by eating insects
why is nitrogen fixation so important
what would be characteristics of soil well suited for plant growth
what is the function of micronutrients in plants
what elements are micronutrients needed by plants
what elements are macronutrients needed by plants
what is meant by double fertilization
what are some “vegetables” that technically are fruits
why is sexual reproduction an advantage to plants
what is the megaspore mother cell & what does it do
what do male gametophytes produce in plants
name 4 flower parts that are modified leaves
what is the function of a seed’s radicle
what forms pollen on a plant
what do the 2 sperm nuclei fertilize in plants
what causes seed germination
what floral parts are involved in pollination & fertilization
what things can function in signal transduction in plants
what is needed by a short-day plant for it to flower
what type of tropism do vines use to grow toward tropical trees
why do plants use changes in photoperiods instead of air temperature changes to trigger dormancy
what is needed to get poinsettias to bloom early in December
do plant hormones act the same on all root & stem tissues
what hormone is involved in the rapid opening & closing of stomata
what effect do auxins have on stem cuttings that are to be rooted

AP Powerpoints 7th

AP Biology PowerPoints
Biology 7th edition
By Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Lawrence G. Mitchell
Copyright Pearson/Benjamin Cummings

Chapter 1 Exploring Life	Chapter 2 Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment	Chapter 4 Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 5 The Structure & Function of Molecules	Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 7 Membrane Structure & Function of Macromolecules	Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration	Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
Chapter 11 Cell communication	Chapter 12 Cell Cycle
Chapter 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles	Chapter 14 Mendel & the Gene Idea
Chapter 15 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance	Chapter 16 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein	Chapter 18 Genetics of Viruses & Bacteria
Chapter 19 Eukaryotic Genomes	Chapter 20 DNA Technology
Chapter 21 Genetic Basis of Inheritance	Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: Darwinian View of Life
Chapter 23 Evolution of Populations	Chapter 24 Origin of Species
Chapter 25 Phylogeny & Systematics	Chapter 26 Tree of Life: Biological Diversity
Chapter 27 Prokaryotes	Chapter 28 Protists
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I	Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II
Chapter 31 Fungi	Chapter 32 Introduction to Animal Diversity
Chapter 33 Invertebrates	Chapter 34 Vertebrates
Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, & development	Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 37 Plant Nutrition	Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction
Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Signals	Chapter 40 Animal Form & Function
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition	Chapter 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange
Chapter 43 Immune System	Chapter 44 Osmoregulation & Excretion
Chapter 45 Hormones & the Endocrine System	Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction
Chapter 47 Animal Development	Chapter 48 Nervous System
Chapter 49 Sensory & Motor Mechanisms	Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology
Chapter 51 Behavioral Ecology	Chapter 52 Population Ecology
Chapter 53 Community Ecology	Chapter 54 Ecosystems
Chapter 55 Conservation Ecology & Restoration