1st Semester 92 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 09 – Respiration – Glycolysis

AP Biology: Chapter 9

RESPIRATION — GLYCOLYSIS

1. Identify some specific processes the cell does with ATP. _____________________________

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2. Explain why ATP is such a “high energy” molecule. __________________________________

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3. Sketch the ATP cycle:

4. How does ATP “couple reactions”? ______________________________________________

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5. What is the name of enzymes which phosphorylate molecules? ________________________

6. Define each of the following:

a. Oxidation _______________________________________________________________

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b. Reduction _______________________________________________________________

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7. What is the role of NAD+ & FAD+2 in respiration? ___________________________________

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8. Explain why respiration is considered exergonic. ____________________________________

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9. Glycolysis starts with _____________________ and produces _________________________

10. The Kreb’s cycle takes place in the: ______________________________________________

11. Pyruvate is converted to ___________________________________ before the Krebs cycle.

12. The Electron Transport Chain is located in the: _____________________________________

13. Describe the role of the Electron Transport Chain. What happens to the electrons and H+?

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14. What is chemiomosis and how is it generated?

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15. How does the mitochondrion generate ATP?

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16. Label the diagram. Include: CO2, organic compounds, O2, H2O, respiration, photosynthesis, light, heat, ATP

23. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration:

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a. Where did the glucose come from? ___________________________________________

b. Where did the O2 come from? _______________________________________________

c. Where did the CO2 come from? ______________________________________________

d. Where did the H2O come from? ______________________________________________

e. Where did the ATP come from? ______________________________________________

f. What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? ___________________________

24. What was the evolutionary advantage of the proto-eukaryotes that engulfed aerobic bacteria

but did not digest them?

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25. Why do we eat? _____________________________________________________________

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26. Why do we breathe? __________________________________________________________

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17. What happens to most of the energy released during cell respiration? ___________________

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18. Alcoholic fermentation converts glucose to ________________________________________

19. Alcoholic fermentation is utilized by what organisms? ________________________________

20. Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose to________________________________________

21. Lactic acid fermentation is utilized by what organisms? _______________________________

22. Identify examples of each of the following feedback mechanisms

a. Negative feedback ________________________________________________________

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b. Positive feedback _________________________________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 14 – Mendel and The Gene Idea

AP Biology: CHAPTER 14

MENDEL AND THE GENE IDEA

1. How does the “blending hypothesis” differ from the “particulate hypothesis” for the

transmission of traits?

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2. List a few of the advantages of Mendel’s choice of the garden pea as a model organism.

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3. Use the diagram to label the generations: P, F1, F2, pure, hybrid, and make notes of Mendel’s observations.

5. Using the diagram in Question 3, describe how the Law of Segregation applies to the F1 and to the F2 generations.

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6. When does the segregation of alleles occur? _____________________________________

7. What is the difference between an allele and a gene?

a. allele __________________________________________________________________

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b. gene __________________________________________________________________

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8. Briefly define the following terms:

a. homozygous ____________________________________________________________

b. heterozygous ___________________________________________________________

c. phenotype ______________________________________________________________

d. genotype _______________________________________________________________

9. What is the purpose of a test cross? ____________________________________________

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10. When two traits are on different (non-homologous) chromosomes, how are they inherited?

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a. Indicate the phenotypic ratios that result in the F2 from the F1 cross (dihybrid cross)

11. Use the rules of probability to determine the expected ratio of offspring showing two recessive traits in the trihybrid cross (PpYyRr X Ppyyrr).

12. Describe and give an example of incomplete dominance. ___________________________

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13. How does codominance compare to incomplete dominance? ________________________

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14. How is blood type an example of multiple alleles? _________________________________

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15. Define and give an example of pleiotropy. _______________________________________

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16. Define and give an example of epistasis. ________________________________________

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17. What is observed when traits are polygenic? _____________________________________

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18. The expression of phenotypes is often a result of both… ____________________________

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19. Briefly describe each of the following genetic disorders:

a. Cystic fibrosis ___________________________________________________________

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b. Tay-Sachs _____________________________________________________________

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c. Sickle cell anemia _______________________________________________________

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d. Achondroplasia __________________________________________________________

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e. Huntington’s disease _____________________________________________________

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20. How can a parent learn the risks of having a child with a genetic disorder?

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AP Lecture Guide 12 – Cell Cycle

AP Biology: CHAPTER 12

CELL CYCLE

1. What is meant by the concept that cells go through a cell cycle?

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2. What are the key roles of cell division?

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3. What is the significance of chromosome replication?

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4. Sketch and label replicated chromosomes.

5. List the phases of the cell cycle with a brief description of what occurs in each phase.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________________

e. _______________________________________________________________________

6. Label the stages and key features of each stage.

7. How does the spindle apparatus distribute chromosomes to the daughter cells?

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8. What is the role of the kinetochores and the microtubules?

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9. How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells? Label the diagrams below.

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10. Eukatyotic mitosis is thought to have evolved from _________________________________

11. Why is the regulation of the cell cycle critical to normal cells?

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12. What is the G1 checkpoint and where does it fit into the cycle?

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13. What evidence is there that regulation is chemical in nature?

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14. Identify the role of the following in the cell cycle clock:

a. Kinase _________________________________________________________________

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b. Cyclin _________________________________________________________________

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c. CDKs _________________________________________________________________

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15. Describe the mechanism for regulating the passage of the cell into anaphase.

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16. Describe what triggers mitosis from G2.

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17. What is the role of ubiquitin?

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18. Describe a model for an external signal for growth.

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19. What happens when cancer develops?

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20. What is the role of p53?

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AP Lecture Guide 20 – DNA Technology

AP Biology: Chapter 20

DNA TECHNOLOGY

1. Define biotechnology.

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2. What is meant by “recombinant DNA technology?”

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3. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.

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4. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology?

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5. What are other organisms used in biotechnology?

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6. How does gene cloning differ from human cloning?

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7. Why is DNA cloning considered an important technology?

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8. What are plasmids?

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9. What is the function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

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10. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?

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11. How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?

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12. What is a genomic library?

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13. How is cDNA different from typical eukaryote DNA?

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14. Describe the steps involved in cloning a gene.

15. How can transformed bacteria that carry genes of interest be identified and isolated from the majority of non-transformed bacteria?

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16. What can be accomplished with Nucleic Acid Hybridization?

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17. What is the purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

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18. List some advantages & uses of the PCR technique.

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19. How are DNA fragments of different sizes separated?

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20. What is a RFLP? How are they made?

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21. What does the technique of Southern Blotting accomplish?

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22. What are some other techniques that build on the Southern Blotting technique?

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23. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

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24. List some of the most important things we learned by completing the Human Genome Project.

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25. What is the Sanger Sequencing Method used for?

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26. How does the shot-gun approach differ from the whole-genome sequencing?

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27. In the future, DNA chips may be used for regular diagnostics. What do the florescent spots indicate when the chip is read?

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28. How can DNA technology be used to diagnose a carrier of a genetic disorder?

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29. What is the goal of gene therapy?

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30. How has forensics made use of DNA technology? Give a specific example.

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31. What is currently used by the FBI to do a DNA fingerprint in a criminal investigation?

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32. What technique has been used to modify agricultural plants?

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33. List a few of the traits that have been engineered into agricultural plants? Could any of these

pose an environmental threat?

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AP Lecture Guide 05A – Macromolecules

AP Biology: CHAPTER 5A

MACROMOLECULES

1. Define the following:

a. monomer _______________________________________________________________

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b. polymer _________________________________________________________________

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c. condensation reaction _____________________________________________________

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d. hydrolysis _______________________________________________________________

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2. Which foods do you think will enter the blood the quickest? Why?

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3. What are the general roles of carbohydrates? ______________________________________

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4. List some monosaccharides with their molecular formulas.

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5. Double sugars are called ______________________________________________________

6. List the monosaccharides that form each:

a. maltose _________________________________________________________________

b. sucrose _________________________________________________________________

c. lactose __________________________________________________________________

6. Polymers of sugars form _______________________________________________________

7. Which forms of polysaccharide is best for each function:

a. Strength of structure _______________________________________________________

b. Storage and sugar release __________________________________________________

c. What theme is this addressing? ______________________________________________

8. How does the alpha differ from the beta form of glucose and why is it significant to animals?

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9. How do the role and structure of the following polysaccharides compare?

a. starch___________________________________________________________________

b. glycogen ________________________________________________________________

c. cellulose_________________________________________________________________

10. Ninety percent of Asians, 75% of African-Americans, and a much smaller percent of

northern Europeans are lactose intolerant. Why do you suppose we see this pattern?

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