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Introduction to Life Study Guide bI

Introduction to Life Study Guide

Study of life is known as?
How are genes used by organisms?
Which characteristic of living things relates to stability?
What does homeostasis mean?
What is ecology?
How do heterotrophs obtain energy?
List distinct properties of living things.
What is the smallest unit that can carry on life called?
What are  all living things made of?
Which of the following are characteristics of ALL living things — growth, development, cellular organization, & movement?
A scientist noticed that bacteria weren’t growing in some test tubes. Is this observation, hypothesis, or experimentation?
The scientist suggests that bacteria aren’t growing in some test tubes because they aren’t getting the nutrients they need. Is this observation, hypothesis, experimentation, or conclusion?
A scientist adds a different nutrient to half of the test tubes in which he is growing bacteria. Is this observation, hypothesis, or experimentation?
Define hypothesis.
What is a theory?
A hypothesis is rejected if it does not explain what?
When scientists are planning experiments,  do they have a good idea of the possible results?
If new evidence emerges, do theories change?
Are theories supported with some scientific knowledge?
Are theories proved scientific ideas?
For scientists to communication with each other about their data, what do they do with their data?
How do scientists organize data?
If a microscope has a 30X objective lens & a 10X ocular (eyepiece) lens, what is its magnification?
What are the base units for each of these SI measurements — length? second? volume? mass? 
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Introduction to Animals Worksheet

Introduction to Animals Worksheet

Circle the correct response.

1. Animals are [ heterotrophs / autotrophs ]

2. [ All / Most ] animals are multicellular.

3. The cells in the skin of your hand are [ bigger than / the same size as ] the cells in your heart.

4. Organisms that have 2 copies of each chromosome are [mobile / diploid ]

5. The absence of a cell wall allows animals [ mobility / diploidy ]

6. A hollow ball of cells that forms after fertilization is called a [ blastula / mesoderm ]

7. In all animals except [ humans / sponges ] a zygote undergoes divisions to become a blastula.

8. The cells of animals are organized into functional units called [ blastula / tissues ]

Matching:

 

9. ______ Ectoderm a. lining of the digestive tract, digestive organs

 

10. ______ Mesoderm b. outer layer of skin and sense organs

 

11. ______ Endoderm c. most of the skeleton, muscles Match the body plan to its description
12. ______ radial d. body that is irregular shaped

 

13. ______ bilateral e. has a distinct right and left half

 

14. ______asymmetry f. body parts arranged around a central axis, like the spokes of a bicycle wheel

 

 

What symmetry do these animals have?

15. ______________

16. ____________________  

17. Segmented animals are constructed from a series of repeating units called [segments /vertebrates]

18. Evidence of segmentation in human beings can be seen in the [ skin / backbone ]

Match the name of the Phylum to the organism:

 

a. vertebrates

b. segmented worms

c. flatworms

d. jellyfish

e. sea stars

f. sponges

g. clams

h. roundworms

i. insects

19. _____ Cnidaria

20. ______ Mollusca

21. _____ Annelida

22. _____ Chordata

23. ______Nematoda

24. ______Platyhelminthes

25. ______ Porifera

26. ______Arthopoda

27. ______Echinodermata

 

 

 

Animal Body Systems

For each term below, indicate what body system it relates to. Body Systems

 

28. Gastrovascular Cavity ___________________________

29. Ganglia ____________________________

30. Hermaphrodite ____________________________

31. Blood vessels ____________________________

32. Exoskeleton ____________________________

33. Gills
____________________________

34. Anus
____________________________

35. Nerve Net ____________________________

36. Hydrostatic ____________________________

37. Gametes ____________________________

38. Flame cells
____________________________

39. radula
____________________________

40. trachea & spiracles
___________________________

Circulatory

Excretory

Reproductive

Support (skeletal)

Nervous

Respiration

Digestive

 

 

 

Revised from : www.biologycorner.com

 

Introduction Quiz

Name: 

Introduction Quiz  

 

 

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
      introduction_quiz_files/i0020000.jpg      introduction_quiz_files/i0020001.jpg
1.
Refer to the illustration above. Reproduction ensures the ongoing success of both species.
2.
Refer to the illustration above. The sand dollar and paramecium both show organization.
3.
Scientists have not discovered any new species on Earth in more than 20 years.
4.
Publication of the results of scientific investigations enables other scientists to verify these results.
5.
Resolution is a microscope’s power to increase an object’s apparent size.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
6.
Biology is the study of
a.
minerals.
c.
the weather.
b.
life.
d.
energy.
7.
Homeostasis means
a.
a change over long periods of time.
c.
rapid change.
b.
keeping things the same.
d.
the same thing as evolution.
8.
Which of the following is a means by which heterotrophs can obtain energy?
a.
using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from the sun to produce sugars
b.
using water and carbon dioxide to produce energy-rich compounds
c.
consuming autotrophs
d.
consuming simple chemicals from the environment and using them to assemble complex chemicals and structures needed by the organism
9.
Which of the following is not necessarily a distinct property of living things?
a.
homeostasis
c.
complexity
b.
metabolism
d.
reproduction
10.
All organisms are composed of
a.
diatoms.
c.
cells.
b.
cellulose.
d.
None of the above
11.
Which example of scientific methodology is incorrect?
a.
Observation—A number of people in Zaire dying of a disease outbreak
b.
Measurement—A record of the number of people with symptoms of the disease and the number of people who had died from the disease
c.
Analysis of data—Comparison of the effects of mixing monkey cells with virus-containing blood in test tubes and the effects of mixing of liquid from these test tubes with fresh monkey cells
d.
Inference making—Identification of the Ebola virus as the cause of the disease by taking electron micrographs of substances found in the blood of persons affected with the disease
12.
Scientific hypotheses are most often tested by the process of
a.
communicating.
c.
experimenting.
b.
inferring.
d.
analyzing data.
13.
A hypothesis is
a.
a definite answer to a given problem.
b.
a testable possible explanation of an observation.
c.
a proven statement.
d.
a concluding statement.
14.
A hypothesis that does not explain an observation
a.
is known as an inaccurate forecast.
c.
is rejected.
b.
often predicts a different observation.
d.
None of the above
15.
A scientific theory
a.
is absolutely certain.
b.
is unchangeable.
c.
may be revised as new evidence is presented.
d.
is a controlled experiment.
16.
observation : hypothesis ::
a.
theory : observation
c.
certainty : investigation
b.
guess : hypothesis
d.
theory : control
17.
Which of the following components of a scientific investigation would benefit from communication between scientists?
a.
observing
c.
analyzing data
b.
measuring
d.
All of the above
18.
Most typically, the order in which the steps of the scientific method are applied is
a.
observations, predictions, hypothesis, controlled testing, theory, verification.
b.
predictions, observations, hypothesis, theory, controlled testing, verification.
c.
observations, hypothesis, predictions, controlled testing, theory, verification.
d.
observations, hypothesis, predictions, controlled testing, verification, theory.
19.
A light microscope that has an objective lens of 10´ and an ocular lens of 20´ has a magnification of
a.
30´.
c.
300´.
b.
200´.
d.
2000´.
20.
Which of the following associations between an SI base unit abbreviation and its base quantity is incorrect?
a.
A—area
c.
s—second
b.
m—length
d.
mol—amount of a substance

 
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Introduction to Animal

Introduction to Animals

All Materials © Cmassengale

Characteristics

  • All multicellular (metazoans) & eukaryotic
  • Cells lack cell walls & come in a variety of shapes
  • Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food & internally digest it)
  • Store food reserves temporarily as glycogen in the liver
  • Have some type of skeletal support
  • Exoskeletons found in arthropods cover the outside of the body but limit size
  • Endoskeletons found in all vertebrates are found inside the body & are made of cartilage &/or bone
  • Worms have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them skeletal support
  • Sponges have the simplest skeleton 
  • May be sessile (attached & non-moving) or motile (able to move around)
  • Muscular tissue provides energy for movement
  • Reproduce sexually
  • Show levels of organization including cell, tissue, organ, & system
  • Most show division of labor among cells
  • Cells are specialized for particular functions
  • Cell junctions hold individual cells in a tissue together
  • Most vertebrates have a backbone or spine made of repeating bones called vertebrae that protect the spinal cord
  • Some show cephalization (have a head with sensory organs concentrated there)

Invertebrate Groups

  • Simplest animals
  • Contains the greatest number of animal species
  • Most found in water
  • Do not have an backbone
  • Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms), mollusks, arthropods, & echinoderms

Vertebrate Groups

  • More complex animals
  • Most have a backbone
  • Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals

Body Areas

  • Dorsal is the back or upper surface
  • Ventral is the belly or lower surface
  • Anterior head or front end
  • Posterior is the tail or hind end opposite the head
  • Oral surface in echinoderms is where the mouth is located (underside)
  • Aboral surface in echinoderms is the surface opposite the mouth (top side)

DORSAL

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

 

VENTRAL

Body Symmetry

  • Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis
  • Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)
  • Radial symmetry occurs when similar body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
  • Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little)
  • Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane (right & left sides that are mirror images)
  • Animals with bilateral symmetry are more complex, usually motile organisms, such as worms, arthropods, and all vertebrates
  • Animals with bilateral symmetry show cephalization & have anterior & posterior ends

 

RADIAL SYMMETRY BILATERAL SYMMETRY

 

Segmentation

  • Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments
  • Found in more complex animals
  • Earthworms show external segmentation, while humans show internal segmentation (vertebrae of the backbone)
  • Segments may be fused together such as cephalothorax covering chest & head of a crayfish

Tissue Development

  • All animals reproduce sexually, but some also reproduce asexually (sponges bud & flatworms fragment)
  • Zygote is the fertilized egg all animals form from
  • Zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions known as cleavage to become hollow ball of cells called blastula
  • Blastocoel is the central cavity of the blastula
  • Blastula invaginates (folds inward at one point) to form an opening & two cell or germ layers; process called gastrulation
  • New cup-shaped structure with 2 cell layers is called the gastrula
  • Archenteron is the deep cavity of the gastrula that forms the primitive gut
  • Inner germ layer called endoderm & outer germ layer called ectoderm
  • Opening may become the mouth or the anus
  • Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) develop mouth from blastopore, while deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) develop an anus from blastopore
  • Some animals form a third germ layer in the middle called mesoderm
  • Cells differentiation during development changing their shapes to fit their function ( neurons or nerve cells become long to conduct messages)

Cleavage

  • Protostomes have spiral cleavage in which embryonic cells divide in a spiral arrangement
  • Deuterostomes have radial cleavage or embryonic cell division parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo

  • Protostomes have determinate cleavage ( embryonic cells can’t form a new organism if separated)
  • Deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage ( embryonic cells can form other organisms if separated such as identical twins)

Germ Layers

  • Form the tissues, organs, & systems of an animal
  • Found in the embryo of all animals except sponges (have specialized cells but no tissues)
  • Ectoderm (outer) forms skin, nerves, & sense organs
  • Endoderm (inner) forms the digestive & respiratory organs & systems
  • Mesoderm (middle) forms muscles, circulatory system, reproductive & excretory systems

germ layers

Larval Forms

  • Some animals have indirect development & go through an immature larval form that does not resemble the adult
  • Planula is the larva of cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, & sea anemones)
  • Trochophore is the larva of mollusks (squid & octopus)
  • Dipleurula is the larva of echinoderms (starfish & sea urchins)

Metamorphosis

  • May be complete or incomplete
  • Usually found in arthropods
  • Incomplete metamorphosis (egg –> nymph –> adult)
  • Complete metamorphosis ( egg –> larva –> pupa –> adult)

 


INCOMPLETE
COMPLETE

 

Body Cavities

  • Coelom is an internal body cavity lined with mesoderm

  • Animals with a coelom are called coelomate animals (annelids, mollusks, arthropods, & vertebrates)
  • Acoelomate animals do not have a body cavity but have solid bodies (sponges, flatworms, & cnidarians )
  • Pseudocoelomate animals have a body cavity only partially lined with mesoderm (roundworms)

  • Schizocoely occurs in protostomes where the coelom develops when mesoderm masses split
  • Enterocoely occurs in deuterostomes

Body Layers

  • Sponges have specialized cells but no tissues or organs
  • Cnidarians (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) have 2 body layers (ectoderm & endoderm) with a jellylike layer called mesoglea between for support
  • Cnidarians have one body opening into a large cavity called gastrovascular cavity
  • All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, & vertebrates have 3 cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm)

Mouth & Anus Development

  • Blastopore is the opening in the gastrula formed when blastula folds inward
  • Protostomes are animals that the blastopore develops into the mouth ( earthworms, mollusks, arthropods)
  • Deuterostomes are animals that the blastopore develops into the anus (echinoderms & vertebrates)

Support Systems

  • Sponges are supported by spicules, while limestone cases support corals

  • Hydrostatic skeletons in worms consist of a fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by muscles
  • Arthropods have external exoskeletons that prevent water loss but must be molted for growth to occur
  • Echinoderms & vertebrates have internal endoskeletons that grow with the organism

Digestive Systems

  • All animals are heterotrophs
  • Sponges have specialized cells to capture & digest their food
  • Cnidarians have one opening into their gastrovascular cavity where food enters & wastes leave; called a two-way digestive system
  • Annelids, arthropods, & vertebrates have a one-way digestive system in which food enters the mouth, is digested,  & wastes leave through the anus

Circulatory System

  • Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells & carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
  • Sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms don’t have a circulatory system
  • In closed systems, blood remains in blood vessels at all times until it reaches cells (earthworms & vertebrates)
  • In open systems, blood isn’t always contained in blood vessels (arthropods)

Respiratory System

  • Oxygen is needed & carbon dioxide must be eliminated
  • Sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, & roundworms exchange gases by diffusion
  • Mollusks & fish use gills to exchanges gases, while terrestrial vertebrates use lungs

Nervous System

  • Cephalization occurs in animals that have a distinct head at the anterior end where sensory organs are concentrated
  • Cephalization is found in more complex animals 
  • Sponges have specialized nerve cells, while cnidarians & flatworms have a nerve net
  • Ganglia are clusters of nerve cells found in more complex animals
  • Nerve cells may specialize to detect, light, sound, etc.
  •  Brain interprets nerve impulses & sends a response

Body Coverings

  • Integument is the outer covering of an animal
  • Terrestrial vertebrates have water-tight outer coverings
  • Integuments of amphibians allow gas exchange through the skin
  • Adaptations of integuments include scales, fur, hair, & feathers to protect and insulate the body

Excretory System

  • Rid animals of wastes, help conserve water, & filter wastes from the blood
  • Ammonia is a toxic waste that must be gotten rid of by an animal’s body
  • Kidneys filter blood in vertebrates

Reproductive System

  • All animals reproduce sexually, but some also use asexual reproduction
  • Budding is asexual reproduction in which an outgrowth on the parent organism breaks off to form a new individual (hydra)

hydra with bud 3.JPG (83198 bytes)

  • Sponges, flatworms, & cnidarians asexually reproduce by fragmentation (separating into pieces & each piece making a new organism)
  • Some insects develop from unfertilized eggs by parthenogenesis
  • Hermaphrodites are animals that produce both sperm & eggs (earthworms – cross fertilize & tapeworms self fertilize)
  • Echinoderms, arthropods, mollusks, & vertebrates have separate sexes & exchange sperm
  • Internal fertilization occurs inside the body of the female & larger numbers of sperm & eggs are produced
  • External fertilization occurs inside the body of the female & fewer eggs & sperm are produced
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Introduction to Animals Study Guide BI

Introduction to Animals Study Guide

How are most animals classified?
What are the main characteristics of chordates?
How are vertebrates classified?
What are heterotrophs & give some examples.
In what ways do animals differ from plants?
What are tissues?
What determines an animal’s body plan?
In what habitat do you find most species of animals?
What is bilateral symmetry?
What does bipedal mean?
Where are the dorsal & ventral surfaces on a bipedal organism?
What is radial symmetry?
Name invertebrates that are asymmetrical, radial symmetry, & bilateral symmetry.
What does cephalization mean?
What invertebrate group was first to show cephalization?
Describe the “surfaces” of animals with radial symmetry.
Why is cephalization an advantage for animals?
What is a postanal tail & give examples of adult chordates with this characteristic?
Describe the “skeletal” support found in roundworms.
What is segmentation, & what animals exhibit this characteristic?
What is the function of kidneys, and what organisms have these organs?
How do closed & open circulatory systems differ?
How are terrestrial animals protected against water loss?
What structures show segmentation in vertebrates?
What is the advantage of having a long intestinal tract?
How are nutrients moved through a cnidarian’s body?
Describe how spiral cleavage occurs.
Describe the embryo at the start of gastrulation.
What forms from endoderm in cnidarians.
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