Category: My Classroom Material

Chapter 2 – Chemistry Outline

 

Student Name
Date
Period
Chapter 2        Chemistry Outline
I. Composition of Matter
         A. Matter
  * 1.1  1. Makes up everything
             2. Occupies space & has mass
             3. Mass – quantity of matter making up an object
             4. Pull of gravity produces weight
             5. Chemical changes in matter necessary for life processes
   B. Elements and Atoms
           1. Pure substances that can’t be chemically broken down
           2. about 30 elements important to organisms
           3. Most common elements are C, H, O, N
           4. Symbols (1-2 letters) stand for elements
             5. May use Latin or Greek  e.g. Na – sodium (natrium)
*1.2 6. Simplest part of an element with the same properties
                                
 C. Nucleus
           1.  Most of the mass
           2. Central part of an atom
           3.

Cell Size

THE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO OF A CELL
INTRODUCTION:

Cells are limited in how large they can be. This is because the surface area and volume ratio does not stay the same as their size increases. Because of this, it is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the membrane, and to move materials through the cell.
In this lab, you will make cube shaped models to represent cells. The dimension along one side will be doubled with each model. You will then calculate the surface area, volume, and the ratio between the two.

MATERIALS:

Scissors
Construction paper
Tape
Metric ruler

PROCEDURE:

1. Construct three cell models like the pattern shown. The dimensions of a side will double each time, with the sides being 2 cm, 4 cm, and 8 cm. Fold and tape into cubes with the tabs to the inside. Record the dimensions in the DATA TABLE (the first one is done for you in the table).

 

 

DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison
Cell Dimensions
(cm)		 Surface Area
(cm2)		 Volume
(cm3)		 Ratio
Surface area to Volume
1 2 X 2 X 2
2
3

 

CALCULATIONS:

2. Calculate the total surface area for each cell model by the following formula:

surface area = (Length X Width) X 6 sides

 

Record the surface areas in the DATA TABLE.

3. Calculate the volumes for each cell model by the following formula:

volume = length X width X height

 

Record the volumes in the DATA TABLE.

4. Calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio for each cell model by the following formula:

ratio = surface area
volume

 

Record the ratio values in the DATA TABLE.
These ratios show how many times larger the surface area is as compared to the volume. Notice that it becomes less than one very quickly.

QUESTIONS:

1. Which model has the largest surface area?

2. Which model has the largest volume?

3. Which model has the largest ratio?

4. To maintain life, and carry-out cellular functions, materials must be able to move into and out of the cell. Also, material needs to be able to move within the cell. What might be the advantage of having a large surface area?

 

 

5. What might be the disadvantage of having a large volume?

 

Chemistry Powerpoint Worksheet

Chemistry PowerPoint Notes  

1. What makes up everything in the universe?  

2. Name 2 properties of all matter.  

 

3. Define mass.  

 

4. How does weight differ from mass?  

 

5.What are elements?  

 

6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing.  

 

7. What is used to represent an element?  

8. Name the smallest part of an element.  

9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom?  

10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain?  

11. What is the charge on a proton?              A neutron?  

12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ number of protons.  

13. The number of protons in an atom determines the _________________________.  

14. What is the charge on an electron?  

15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons?  

 

16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons?  

17. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ___________.  

18. The mass of an atom is centered in the ___________.  

19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an atom determines its ___________________.  

20. What atomic particle has a negative charge?  

21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element?  

 

22. Where are electrons found?

23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy?  

24. How many energy levels are there & name them?  

25. How many electrons will each energy level hold?  

 

26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ by their atomic _____________.  

27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements?  

 

28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements?  

 

29. Two or more elements combined together make a _____________.  

30. Chemical ______________ represent compounds.  

31. _____________ are the smallest part of a compound.  

32. ______________ in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element.  

33. _____________ in a formula tell the number of molecules.  

34. Compounds have ____________ properties than its elements.  

35.  The outermost _______________ in elements determine if they will combine.  

36. Elements with ___________ outer energy levels are stable & won’t react.  

37. Why do elements tend to react with other elements?  

 

38. Chemical _____________ represent chemical reactions.  

39. ______________ appear on the right of the equation, while ___________ are on the left.  

40. Chemical bonds store ____________.  

41. How do covalent bonds form?

 

42. How do ions form?

 

43. Positive ions _________ electrons, while negative ions ___________ electrons.  

44.  Define energy.  

 

43. Give some examples of different forms of energy.  

44. Atoms are in constant ________________, which determines the atom’s ____________.  

45.  List the 3 main states of matter.  

46. _______________ energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter.  

47. In reactions the amount of product must ____________ the amount of reactants.  

48. Most of an organism’s energy comes from _____________ in foods.  

49. _______________ reactions release energy.  

50. Give an example of an exergonic reaction in cells.  

51. _________________ reactions store energy.  

52.  Give an example of an endergonic reaction in cells.  

53. Most reactions in cells are _________________.  

54.  _________________ energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.  

55. Catalysts _____________ the amount of activation energy needed.  

56. Catalysts in organisms are called ______________ and are usually ______________.  

57. Enzymes act on ____________ which join at the _______________ site.  

58. Can enzymes be reused?  

59. Redox reactions stands for _________________________ reactions.  

60. The oxidized substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.  

61. The reduced substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.  

62. Define solution.

 

63. The _____________ is dissolved in the ____________ in a solution.  

64. _______________ is the universal solvent.  

65. A solution becomes _____________ when no more solute will dissolve.  

66. ______________ solutions have water as the solvent & are important to ______________.  

67. What is the dissociation of water?

 

68. Write the equation for this.

 

69.  OH is the ______________ ion, while H+ is the ______________ ion.  

70. Acids produce _____________ ions, while bases have an excess of ________ ions.  

71. The _______ scale measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes from ____________.  

72. From 0 to 7 are ___________, a pH of 7 is __________, & above 7 to 14 are _________.  

73. _____________ are used in the body to control pH and keep it near a pH of ______ or neutral.  

 

Cell Structure and Function Assi

 

Cell Structure and Function Assignment

 

Project Due – Tuesday, June 28

Instructions:

  1. Draw and color EACH CELL or CELL ORGANELLE on a separate sheet of unlined paper. BE SURE TO CENTER YOUR DRAWING ON THE PAGE!
  2. At the top of each page, CENTER and WRITE THE NAME of the cell or organelle that you are drawing.
  3. LABEL all parts of the cell and/or organelle.
  4. WRITE the function of EACH LABELED PART (FUNCTION MUST BE WRITTEN NEXT TO THE LABEL).
DRAWINGS:

  1. Prokaryote diagram
  2. Animal Cell Diagram
  3. Plant Cell Diagram
  4. Nucleus & Nucleolus Diagram
  5. Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Diagram
  6. Golgi Diagram
  7. Chloroplast Diagram
  8. Mitochondria Diagram
  9. Lysosome Diagram
  10. Cell Membrane Diagram

Cell Study Guide Ch4 BI

Cell Study Guide

What type of cells did Hooke view when he discovered cells?
What are the smallest units of life called?
Which increases faster, the surface area or the volume of a cell?
What limits how large a cell can grow?
What do you call organisms that do not have a nucleus?
Give an example of a prokaryote.
Name several eukaryotic cells.
What type of cells have membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryotes have a cell membrane and a ___________ around the outside.
What are cell membranes?
Give 2-3 functions of the cell membrane.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable. What does this mean?
If a cell is very active and needs more energy, what type of organelle will it need more of?
What organelle makes a cell’s ATP?
Proteins are made by what organelle?
What organelle is the packaging & export center of the cell?
What double membrane surrounds the nucleus?
Name the 3 main parts to all eukaryotic cells.
What canals connect the nuclear membrane with the cell membrane for the movement of materials?
In what organelle are chromosomes found?
Name 2 structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell?
 In what organelles is the green pigment chlorophyll found?
  What is the purpose of large vacuoles in plant cells?
List the levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex starting with the cell.    
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