| Cellular Respiration Study Guide |  |
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Category: My Classroom Material
Cell PowerPoint Questions
| Cell Structure and Function PowerPoint Questions |
CELLS
1. What is the smallest basic unit of life?
2. What is needed to see most cells?
3. ___________ are made of one cell, while _______ are composed of more than one cell.
4. What are prokaryotic cells?
5. Give an example of a prokaryote.
6.What are eukaryotes?
7. Are plant and animal cells prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
8. Where is DNA found inside prokaryotic cells?
9. What 2 structures surround prokaryotic cells?
10. What organelle, not surrounded by a membrane, is found in prokaryotes & eukarotes?
11. Name the 3 basic cell structures in eukaryotes.
a.
b.
c.
12. __________ are small structures in the cytoplasm that perform specific functions.
13. Give the function of these organelles:
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi bodies
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosomes
e. Ribosomes
14.Describe the structure of Golgi bodies.
15. Golgi receive and modify _________ made by the ER.
16. what structures pinch off the ends of the “shipping” side of Golgi to carry cell products to their destination?
17. Lysosomes contain __________ enzymes to break down _______ and worn out ________ parts.
18. Explain how lysosomes are programmed for cell daeth.
19. Where is the nucleolus located?
20. Cells may have _______ to ______ nucleoli.
21. Nucleoli make _____________ that make __________ for the cell.
22. How does smooth ER differ from rough ER?
23. Proteins used in the cell are made by __________ Er, while proteins to be exported are made by _____________ ER.
24. What organelle serves as the powerhouse of the cell?
25. What important process takes place in the mitochondria?
26. Which type of cells would have more mitochondria & why?
27. ___________ like glucose are burned in the mitochondria to release cellular energy known as __________.
28. What surrounds the outside of all cells?
29. In plant cells, a cell __________ surrounds the cell membrane for extra support.
30. What 2 things make up all cell membranes?
31.Cell membranes only allow certain materials into & out of the cell so they are said to be ________________ _____________.
32. The cell ______________ is a living layer around cells, while the cell ________ in plants is nonliving.
33. Jelly-like material inside the cell membrane is called _______________ and is where most ____________________ of the cell take place.
34. Organelles are found inside the cell’s _________________.
35. The ______________ controls the activities of the cell and contains the cell’s _____________.
36. the ______________________ surrounds the nucleus.
37. Chromosomes inside the nucleus contain _____________ that control the cell’s characteristics.
38. Plant cell walls are made of _____________ fibers and are freely ______________.
39. Cell walls resist the loss of _________ from a cell and give _________ & support to the cell.
40. What large organelle takes up most of the space in a plant cell?
41. What is the membrane called that surrounds the central vacuole in plants?
42. Cell __________ is found inside the central vacuole & may contain ____________, proteins, _____________, wastes, and ______________.
43. Give 3 examples of different kinds of plant cells.
44. Name 2 structures found in plant, but NOT animal cells.
45. Animal cells store their carbohydrate energy as ________________ in their cytoplasm.
46. What paired organelle involved with cell division is found in animal but NOT plant cells?
47. Name 6 types of animal cells.
48. List 3 similarities between plant and animal cells.
a.
b.
c.
49. How do plant and animal cells compare in size?
50. How do plant and animal cells compare in shape to each other?
51. Do animal cells have cell walls?
52. Animal cells sore food energy as _____________, while plants store food energy as ____________.
53. Where is the nucleus in:
a. animal cells?
b. plant cells?
54. Do animal cells have vacuoles like plant cells? Explain.
MICROSCOPES
55. Light microscopes are also called ____________ microsopes.
56. Light microscopes can magnify objects up to ____________ times.
57. Label the parts of the microscope:
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
58. Cells of _____________ organisms are specialized to do different jobs.
59. Give 2 examples of specialized cells & their jobs.
a.
b.
60. Similar cells grouped together to do a job are called ____________.
61. ____________ and _________ are 2 types of tissues in animals, while ___________- and ____________ are types of plant tissues.
62. Tissues working together to do a job are known as __________.
63. Give an example of organs found in:
a. Animals?
b. Plants?
64. Several organs & tissues working together to carry out a set of functions is known as a ______________.
65. Name & give the function for 4 animal systems.
a.
b.
c.
d.
66. Systems working together make an _______________.
Chapter 10 Protein Synthesis PPT Questions
| Protein Synthesis ppt Questions |
DNA and Genes
1. What are genes and what do they code for?
2. Proteins are made of chains of _______________.
3. How do cells use proteins?
4. The subunits making up polypeptides are called _________________.
5. How many amino acids exist?
6. Sketch and label the basic structure of an amino acid.
7. The group that makes amino acids different from each other & gives the amino acid its unique properties is called the ___________ group.
8. DNA is found in the ____________ of a cell and begins the process of making a _______________.
9. Where are proteins made?
10. Describe the two types of ribosomes.
11. The first step in making a protein is to make a copy of ___________ in the nucleus.
RNA
12. What nucleic acid contains the master code for making proteins?
13. What nucleic acids acts as a blueprint in copying the master code?
14. Compare and contrast the sugars on DNA and RNA.
15. Compare and contrast the nitrogen bases on DNA and RNA.
16. RNA is made of a ____________ strand, while DNA is a ___________ stranded molecule.
17. What base replaces thymine on RNA?
18. Name the 3 types of RNA molecules.
19. What is the function of mRNA?
20. What is the function of rRNA?
21. What is the function of tRNA?
22. Describe the shape of mRNA.
23. How does mRNA get out of the nucleus once it has copied DNA’s instructions?
24. What bases pair together on RNA?
25. How long is mRNA?
26. What is a codon?
27. Methionine is called the __________ codon & is represented by the bases ________.
28. Name the 3 stop codons.
29. How long in rRNA?
30. What is the shape of rRNA?
31. What two things make up ribosomes?
32. What process occurs at the ribosomes?
33. Each codon stands for an _______________.
34. Can amino acids have more than one codon?
35. There are ______ amino acids and ______ possible codons.
36. How do you read the circular genetic codon table?
37. Use the genetic codon table and name these amino acids:
GGG?
UCA?
CAU?
GCA?
AAA?
38. Name the complementary bases on DNA.
39. Name the complementary bases on RNA.
40. What is the shape of tRNA?
41. What can attach to one end of a tRNA molecule for transport?
42. Opposite the attachment site on tRNA are 3 nucleotide bases called the ______________.
43. Make a sketch of a tRNA molecule with its attachment site and anticodon labeled.
44. A codon on mRNA is complementary to an _____________ on tRNA.
45. What anticodon is complementary to the codon – ACU?
Transcription and Translation
46. Sketch the pathway to making a protein.
47. define protein synthesis.
48. Name the 2 phases of protein synthesis.
49. Before mRNA can leave the nucleus it must be _______________ in order to correctly make proteins.
50. Define transcription and tell where it occurs.
51. What RNA copies DNA?
52. Are both strands of DNA copied?
53. What enzyme is required to copy DNA?
54. The DNA strand that is copied is called the _____________ strand.
55. What would be the complementary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence- 5′- GCGTATG-3′?
56. What enzyme separates the DNA strands in transcription?
57. RNA polymerase adds complementary ____________ to the DNA template strand.
58. ___________ are regions on DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
59. The promoter contains a sequence called the _________ box.
60. Other sequences on DNA called __________ signals tell the RNA polymerase when to stop transcribing.
61. Newly made mRNA must be _________ to make the nucleic acid functional.
62. What are introns & what happens to them during mRNA processing?
63. What are exons and what happens to them during mRNA processing?
64. Describe the cap that is added to the new mRNA transcript.
65. What type of tail is added to the mRNA transcript?
66. The new mRNA transcripts is made of _____________ with a 5′ _________ and a 3′ ____________ tail.
67. What happens next to the newly made mRNA?
68. Define translation & tell where it occurs?
69. How do ribosomes read mRNA?
70. Describe the structure of a ribosome.
71. Ribosomes are composed of ________ rRNA and ________ protein.
72. Ribosomes have 2 tRNA sites called _______ and ______ along with an exit site.
73. The first part of translation is called ____________.
74. The small ribosomal subunit attaches to what codon on mRNA?
75. Once the mRNA and small subunit attach, what happens next?
76. Sketch an label a ribosome with both its subunits, its 2 tRNA sites, and the attached mRNA transcript.
77. The ______________ moves along the mRNA strand ________ codon at a time.
78. How many tRNA’s will fit into a ribosome at one time?
79. What happens to the two amino acids carried by the 2 tRNA’s inside a ribosome?
80. The joining of amino acids by ___________ bonds is the second part of translation called ______________.
81. Once an amino acid is joined to the growing polypeptide chain, the tRNA leaves the _______________ to pick up another ________________.
82. When a tRNA leaves the ribosome, the ribosome moves down the _________ strand allowing another ________ and its amino acid to enter.
83. each time the ribosome moves, it moves over _________ codon.
84. The last stage of translation is called _______________.
85. Name the 3 termination codons.
86. The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the ____________ protein structure.
Cell Reproduction Lecture Notes B1
Cell Reproduction Lecture Guide
SECTION 8-1 CHROMOSOMES
DNA stores? Estimated length?
Coiled DNA in eukaryote nucleus called?
Chromosome shape? Made of?
Can be seen inside nucleus by?
Histones?
Function of histones?
Function of nonhistone proteins?
Sister chromatids?
When form?
Centromere?
Function of centromere?
Sketch sister chromatids & label centromere.
Prokaryotic chromosomes?
Shape? Number? Location & attachment?
Number of chromosomes in human body cells? Called what?
How abbreviated?
Are all diploid numbers in organisms the same? Explain and give examples.
Human body cells called what? Examples?
Reproductive cells are called? Name them.
Chromosome number of gametes? Abbreviation?
Haploid number also called? Haploid number for humans?
Fertilization?
Chromosome number that fertilization restores?
Fertilized egg called? Sets of chromosomes in zygote?
Chromosomes in egg and sperm called? Name them.
Sex chromosomes of female? Male?
Other 22 pairs or 44 chromosomes called?
Karyotype?
Homologous pairs of chromosomes?
Example of information contained in homologs.
SECTION 8-2 CELL DIVISION
All cells come from? Process called?
Same in prokaryotes & eukaryotes?
Binary fission?
Used by? Number of steps or stages.
Stage 1 of binary fission?
Stage 2 of binary fisssion?
Stage 3 of binary fission?
Is binary fission sexual or asexual reproduction?
Original cell that forms eukaryotes is called?
How new cells compare to each other & the original cell after cell division? Why?
Phases cell goes through in its life cycle called?
Number of phases? Name them.
Two parts of cell division?
Mitosis?
Interphase?
Also called? Length in cell cycle?
What’s occurring to cells in interphase?
Number of phases in interphase? Name them.
G1 phase?
S phase?
G2 phase?
Replication?
Results in forming? Occurs when?
Why all new cells must have exact copy of DNA?
Daughter cells?
How form? Compare to each other?
Two steps of cell division called?
Another name for mitosis? What’s dividing?
Division of the cytoplasm called? When occurs?
Parent cell?
How multicellular organisms grow?
Number of steps or phases in mitosis? Name them in order.
What’s made during mitosis?
When did the chromosomes replicate (make copies of the DNA)?
Prophase?
Chromatin condenses into what? Held together by?
Two structures that disappear in prophase?
Centrosomes located near? Number of centrosomes?
Contain what cylindrical bodies? Found in plant &/or animal cells?
Made of bundles of? Where centrosomes move?
Help form?
Function of mitotic spindle?
Two types of spindle fibers?
Attach to centromere of sister chromatids? Function?
Metaphase?
Where are chromosomes moved?
What moves the chromosomes?
Center of cell called? Ends of cell called?
Anaphase?
What happens to sister chromatids?
Once chromatids separate, they’re now individual what?
Telophase?
What happens to spindle fibers?
Chromosomes again tightly coil becoming what?
What two structures reform?
Cytokinesis?
How occurs in animal cells?
How occurs in plant cells?
How many new cells formed? Cells called?
Size of new cells to each other? Size of new cells & parent cell?
Daughter cells & parent cell genetically identical or different?
Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?
SECTION 8-3 MEIOSIS
Meiosis?
What happens to chromosome number?
Cells produced by meiosis are called? Their chromosome number?
Fusion of gametes? Effect on chromosome number?
Number of chromosomes in human egg? Sperm? Zygote?
Sexual reproduction?
Combines what 2 cells? Forms what cell?
Eggs?
Sperm?
How sperm reaches nonmotile egg?
Gametes produced by what process?
Where occurs in females? In males?
What called in females? In males?
Diploid egg or sperm after meiosis have what chromosome number?
How do daughter cells made in meiosis compare to the original cell?
How many divisions do cells undergo during meiosis?
How many new cells are produced?
How many main stages are there in meiosis? Name them.
What occurs in Meiosis I?
What occurs in Meiosis II?
Chromosome number at the beginning of Meiosis I?
Homolog?
Synapsis?
Pair of homologs after synapsis called? Sketch a tetrad.
First step in Meiosis I called?
Are chromosomes visible?
Chromosome number in meiosis I?
Genes?
Crossing over?
Genetic recombination?
What 2 structures disappear?
What structure appears & attaches to homologs?
Where are tetrads moved during Metaphase I?
What happens to homologs in Anaphase I?
What separates the homologs?
Random separation of homologous chromosomes called?
What happens to cytoplasm during Telophase I?
Chromosome number of new cells? How many new cells formed?
Do chromosomes replicate before Meiosis II?
Name the 4 steps in Meiosis II.
How many new cells form in males? In females?
Polar bodies?
What usually happens to polar bodies? Why?
New cells in females called? Cells after maturing called?
New cells in males called? Cells after maturing called?
Chromosome number of new cells?
Evolution?
Which type of reproduction causes change in organisms?
Reproduction involving one parent? Give 3 examples.
Chromosome number of parent & new cells?
Reproduction involving two parents?
Chromosome number of parent cell? Chromosome number of new cells?
Are organisms in a sexually reproducing population genetically identical?
Variations?
“Survival of the fittest”?
How environmental changes affect asexually reproducing organisms? Sexually reproducing organisms?
| BACK |
Chapter 10 Questions PPT
DNA & Replication
ppt Questions
History of DNA
1. Early scientists believed that _________ was the genetic material of the cell. Explain why.
2. Proteins are made of 20 different ________________.
3. Long chains of amino acids make up _________________.
4. Fred Griffith worked with what type of bacteria?
5. What did he find to be true after his experiments with the S and R strains of bacteria?
6. This process of picking up DNA from the environment is called ____________________.
7. Did Griffith’s experiment prove DNA was the genetic material?
8. What 2 main things make up chromosomes?
9. What did Hershey and Chase use in their experiments to prove DNA was the cell’s genetic material?
10. Hershey and Chase radioactively tagged the viral DNA with _______________ and the protein capsid with ______________.
11. Which radioactive substance was injected into and took over the host cell’s DNA?
12. What scientists showed the amount of the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?
13. Name the bases and their amounts found in somatic or body cells of humans.
14. What bases are complementary (pair with each other) on DNA?
15. What type of bonds join base pairs on DNA?
16. Are these strong or weak bonds?
17. What was Rosalind Franklin’s contribution to finding DNA’s structure?
18. Who built the first model of DNA and what did they use to help get the correct measurements for the molecule?
DNA Structure
19. DNA is two coiled strands known as a ___________________.
20. What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?
21. What bonds the deoxyribose sugars to the phosphate groups?
22. Where are the nitrogen bases found on DNA & how are they bonded?
23. Most DNA has a ______________ twist with ________ base pairs in a complete turn.
24. DNA stands for ___________________________.
25. ______________ are the subunits making up DNA.
26. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide.
27. Why is deoxyribose called a pentose sugar?
28. Sketch a pentose sugar and include the carbons correctly numbered.
29. The sugars on one DNA strand of DNA are from 5′ to _________, while the sugars on the other strand are antiparallel running from _________ to ___________.
30. Double ring nitrogen bases are called ____________, while single ring nitrogen bases are called ________________.
31. Name the purines.
32. Name the pyrimidines.
33. Purines will only pair with ________________.
34. __________ hydrogen bonds are required to join guanine to cytosine, while only ________ bonds join adenine to thymine.
35. If there is 30% adenine, how much cytosine is present?
DNA Replication
36. Cells must copy their DNA before they do what? Explain why.
37. During what part of the cell cycle is DNA copied?
38. In eukaryotes, where are the copies of DNA made?
39. The process of copying DNA is known as DNA ________________.
40. Replication of DNA begins at points called __________________________.
41. The two DNA strands ______________ at origins of replication forming Y-shaped areas called _______________________.
42. New DNA strands grow at the _____________.
43. As the two strands open at the origins of replication, replication _____________ form.
44. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a ___________ replication bubble, while eukaryotic cells have ___________ bubbles.
45. What enzyme uncoils DNA so it can be replicated or copied?
46. What other job does this enzyme perform?
47. What is the job of single-strand binding proteins?
48. What enzyme relieves stress on the DNA strands at the replication forks?
49. An RNA __________ must be present to start the addition of new nucleotides.
50. What enzyme makes the RNA primer?
51. DNA ______________ is the enzyme that adds new complementary base pairs.
52. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to what end of the DNA molecule?
53. Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously as a single strand?
54. The leading strand is made from the ______________ toward the _________________ as it opens.
55. The ____________ strand is synthesized ____________ the overall direction of replication.
56. The lagging strand is made in __________ short segments from the _____________ fork toward the _____________ of replication.
57. The short segments of the lagging strand are called ______________ fragments.
58. What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together into one strand?
59. Sketch half of a replication bubble. Label the point of origin and the replication fork. Draw two arrows showing the leading strand and the lagging strand.
60. DNA polymerase initially makes how many errors?
61. Proofreading enzymes correct mistakes in DNA to a one in ______________ base pairing errors?
62. Explain the semiconservative model for DNA replication.
63. Who developed this idea about replication?
64. Chemicals and _____________ radiation can damage DNA in our body cells so it must be ________________ repaired.
65. What is excision repair?
66. What 2 enzymes replace damaged sections of DNA and rebind the molecule?
67. What is the complementary DNA strand for: 5′ -CGTATG -3′ ?