My Classroom Material 192 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 22 – Descent with Modification

AP Biology: CHAPTER 22- DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

1. Identify the three significant historical themes that set the stage for Darwinian evolutionary

theory.

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2. What were the two major points made in The Origin of Species?

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3. What were the conventional paradigms in the 1800’s when Darwin developed his theories?

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4. What was the contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to the evolutionary theories?

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5. How did the study of fossils help Darwin shape his theories?

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6. How did geological gradualism and uniformitarianism influence Darwin?

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7. Identify the two principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

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8. How did the observations during his voyage on the Beagle influence Darwin’s theories?

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9. Why were the Galápagos Islands so important to Darwin’s observations?

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10. What are the elements for the formation of new species?

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11. What is the driving force behind the evolution of the 14 species of finches on the

Galapagos?

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12. What was Wallace’s role in the Theory of Natural Selection?

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13. What were the main points of The Origin of Species?

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14. Define Descent with Modification.

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15. How does the “tree analogy” represent the evolutionary relationships of creatures?

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16. Summarize the observations and inferences recognized as the backbone of evolution by

natural selection.

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17. Observations:

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________________________

e. ______________________________________________________________________

18. Inferences:

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

19. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution?

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20. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural

selection.

a. Paleontology ____________________________________________________________

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b. Biogeography ___________________________________________________________

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c. Resistance to insecticides _________________________________________________

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d. Drug Resistance _________________________________________________________

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e. Homology ______________________________________________________________

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f. Homologous structures ___________________________________________________

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g. Vestigial organs _________________________________________________________

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h. Embryology ____________________________________________________________

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i. Biochemical similarity _____________________________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 06 – Metabolism & Enzymes

AP Biology: Chapter 6

METABOLISM & ENZYMES

1. Define the following terms:

a. Catabolic pathway ________________________________________________________

b. Anabolic pathway _________________________________________________________

c. Kinetic energy ____________________________________________________________

d. Potential energy __________________________________________________________

2. The First Law of Thermodynamics is the principle of… _______________________________

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3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics involves changes in… __________________________

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4. What is meant by a change in free energy? ________________________________________

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5. Compare reactions that are…

a. Exergonic _______________________________________________________________

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b. Endergonic ______________________________________________________________

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6. Sketch the ATP cycle:

7. How does ATP “couple reactions”? ______________________________________________

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8. Sketch the profile of an exergonic reaction.

9. How do enzymes affect the energy profile? ________________________________________

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10. Define activation energy. ______________________________________________________

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11. Why are enzymes said to be specific? ____________________________________________

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12. List factors that influence the rate of enzyme reactions. ______________________________

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13. Label the diagram of the catalytic enzyme cycle.

14. How do competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors differ in their enzyme interactions?

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15. What happens during allosteric regulation? ________________________________________

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16. Describe feedback inhibition. ___________________________________________________

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17. Define enzyme cooperativity. ___________________________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 23 – The Evolution of Populations

AP Biology: CHAPTER 23- THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS

1. How does the “modern synthesis” theory of evolution differ from Darwin’s Theory of Natural

Selection?

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2. Population genetics puts a mathematical approach to the study of microevolution. Define

each of the terms commonly used in population genetics.

a. population: _____________________________________________________________

b. gene pool: ______________________________________________________________

c. gene frequency: _________________________________________________________

3. What are the gene frequencies for the red and white flowers?

a. p = ____________________________________________________________________

b. q = ____________________________________________________________________

4. List the five condition that must be met by a populations to insure stability (no evolution).

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________________________

e. ______________________________________________________________________

5. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg distribution of genes in a population, write the equation that

describes genotype frequencies.

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6. Define the following:

a. p2 = ___________________________________________________________________

b. 2pq = __________________________________________________________________

c. q2 = ___________________________________________________________________

7. Work out these practice problems. Find both the gene and genotype frequencies:

a. In Drosophilia, the allele for normal length wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial

wings. In a population of 1,000 individuals, 160 show the recessive phenotype.

b. The allele for the hair pattern called “widow’s peak” is dominant over the allele for no

“widow’s peak.” In a population of 1,000 individuals, 360 show the dominant phenotype.

8. What is the H-W assumption that is broken when genetic drift occurs? Explain

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9. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each.

a. Founders effect: _________________________________________________________

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b. Bottleneck effect _________________________________________________________

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10. How do each of the following break H-W assumptions?

a. natural selection: ________________________________________________________

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b. gene flow: ______________________________________________________________

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c. mutation: _______________________________________________________________

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d. selective mating: _________________________________________________________

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11. Why is genetic variation important to evolution?

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12. How can populations vary along a geographic axis compared to isolated populations?

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13. What is the role of mutations to forming variation?

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14. What factors of sexual reproduction lead to variations within a population?

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15. How does diploidy preserve variation?

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16. What is “balanced polymorphism?”

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17. How can parasites contribute to balanced polymorphism?

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18. In a biological sense, what is fitness?

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19. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection.

20. What is the effect of sexual selection?

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21. For each of the following, give an example or describe what is meant by the statement.

a. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms: _____________________________

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b. Evolution is limited by historical constraints: ___________________________________

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c. Adaptations are often compromises: _________________________________________

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d. Not all evolution is adaptive: _______________________________________________

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e. Selection can only edit existing variations: ____________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 07 – The Cell

AP Biology: CHAPTER 7

THE CELL

1. The tool that lead to the understanding that cells are the basic unit of life was the…

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2. The smallest structures visible with the light microscope are the ….

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3. What is the advantage of the electron microscope?

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4. How do biologists isolate cell components?

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5. What are four things all cells have in common?

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________________________________

4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes

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5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

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6. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles

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7. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane

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AP Lecture Guide 25 – Phylogeny and Systematics

AP Biology: CHAPTER 25: PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

1. What is phylogeny?

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2. How are fossils significant to our study of biology?

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3. Review these key points in the study of fossils:

a. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils.

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b. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils.

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c. The fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history.

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d. Phylogeny has a biogeographic basis in continental drift.

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e. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinctions.

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4. List examples of fossils. ______________________________________________________

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5. What techniques do relative dating use to place fossils in their place in geologic time?

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6. What marks the separation between the major eras in the geologic time scale?

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7. How does absolute dating compare to relative dating?

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8. Describe the two main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

9. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures with modern

phylogenetic systematics?

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10. What does a phylogenic tree show?

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11. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify three pitfalls scientists might

encounter classifying creatures.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

12. What do scientists use when placing an organism on a cladistic diagram?

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13. How have molecular clocks influenced our thoughts on evolutionary paths?

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14. Why is the four chamber heart a poor choice of structure to place creatures on a phylogenic

tree?

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15. Why are crocodiles now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles?

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