Category: Curriculum Map

Protists

NAME/PERIOD:

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  Exploring Protists

 

 

Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protista

There are many types of protists, but organisms in this kingdom only have a few things in common:

They are eukaryotes – organisms that have cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.  They typically live in aquatic or moist environments. Most protists are unicellular (made of only one cell) but they may live in colonies.  But there are some protists are are multicellular (containing more than one cell) 

1. Are protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes?


2. What is a eukaryote?


3. What type of environment would you typically find protists living?


4. Are all protists unicellular? yes or no

5. What are unicellular protists that live together in clusters called?

Obtaining Food / Nutrition / Energy

Protists have a few different methods of obtaining nutrition (food):

  • Some contain chloroplasts (green pigments) like plants, and are autotrophs.  Autotrophs can use photosynthesis to make their own food, for example Algae.
  • Then there are others that are heterotrophs and obtain their food by absorbing it from their surroundings, for example Paramecium.
  • But there are some that can do both autotrophic and heterotrophic methods of obtaining food, for example Euglena.

 

6. How do the heterotroph protists obtain their food?


7. How do the autotroph protists get their food? Name the process.


8. What is an example of a protist that can do both autotrophic and heterotrophic methods of obtaining food?


9. What is an example of a protist that absorbs their food?


10. What is an example of a protist that makes their own food?

 

Classifying Protists

Protists are classified by how they obtain food.  Protists are organized into three main groups:

  • Animal – like protists  (heterotrophs)
  • Plant/Algal – like protists  (autotrophs)
  • Fungal – like protists  (heterotroph decomposers)

11. How are protists classified?

 

Animal – Like Protists – Protozoa

Animal – like protists are often called Protozoa.  Scientists classify them by the way they move around.

  • Most are unicellular and microscopic.  You can see them using a compound light microscope.
  • They are classified as heterotrophs because they absorb their food using vacuoles for digestion.
  • These are typically found in freshwater, marine, and moist land habitats.

12. What are the animal-like protists often called?

13. How do they obtain their food / energy?

14. How are they classified?

15. Go to http://blog.microscopeworld.com/2012/04/amoeba-under-microscope.html and DRAW and LABEL an amoeba.

 

Methods of Protozoa movement:

Cilia small hair-like projections all around the organism
Flagella long, thin, whip-like structure
Pseudopodia “false feet” – temporary extensions of a cell’s cytoplasm that help them move around and change their shapes to absorb their food
Parasites move along with the host they invaded

 

16. What is the method of movement that uses a long, whip-like tail?

17. What is the method of movement that uses “false feet”?

18. What are cilia?

19. Go to http://www.eastcentral.edu/common/depts/bi/protistans.php and DRAW and LABEL the paramecium.

paramecium

Types of Protozoa:

Phylum Sarcodina Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Zoomastingina Phylum Sporozoa
Common Name – Sarcodines Common Name – Ciliates Common Name – Zooflagellates Common Name – Sporozoan
Move by using Pseudopodia Move by using Cilia Move by using Flagella Adults do not move
Example:  Amebas    Example: Paramecium Example: Trypanosoma
(causes African Sleeping Sickness)
 Example: Plasmodium (causes Malaria)

 

20. What is an example of a protozoa that uses a flagella for movement?

21. What type of protist phylum uses cilia?

 

Plant/Algal – Like Protists 

Plant/Algal-like protists are eukaryotes that are similar to plants.  Scientists classify these protists by the color of their pigments.

  • They are autotrophic and use chlorophyll and other pigments to harvest and use energy from sunlight.  They produce oxygen for our environment.
  • They are not considered plants because they do not have true roots, stems or leaves and most have flagella for movement at some time in their life cycles.
  • The Giant Kelp or seaweed are also in this group of algae.
Green Algae Brown Algae Red Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Golden Algae Euglena

22. What are plant/algal-like protists similar to?

23. How are they classified?

24. How do they obtain food/energy?  autotroph or heterotroph?

25. What do they do for the environment?

26. Why are they not plants?

27. Why are diatoms and dinoflagellates so important? (Use the web to research this question)

28. Giant kelp are called what?

29. Red algae produce what substance used as a culture media in lab? (Use the web to research this question)

 

Fungal – Like Protists 

  

Fungal-like protists are multicellular eukaryotes that are absorptive heterotrophs.

  • The job of fungal-like protists are decomposers breaking down dead organic matter.  They improve the quality of dirt by putting nutrients back into the ground.
  • They are most commonly known as the slime molds or water molds.  Do not confuse these with the mold you see growing on food or bread.

30. Are fungal-like protists unicellular OR multicellular?

31. How do they obtain their food?

32. What is the job of the fungal-like protists?

33. Give two examples of a fungal-like protist.

 

Protists – Review

Click on the box you choose for the correct answer for each question.

34. Protists are

Prokaryote, water based organisms
Eukaryote, water based organisms
Prokaryote, land based organisms
Eukaryote, land based organisms

 

 35. Animal-like protists are often called

Algae
Decomposers
Molds
Protozoa

 
36. Animal-like protists are classified by

The way they move.
What they eat.
Pigments
Flagella

 

 37. Plant/Algal-like protists are

Heterotrophic
Chemotrophic
Autotrophic
Phototrophic

 
38. Plant/Algal-like protists are classified by

Movement
Size
Color of Pigments
Nutrition

 

 39. Fungal-like protists help the environment by

Decomposing organic matter
Producing oxygen
Producing carbon dioxide
Producing spores

 

Preapbiology Openers

 

 

PreAP Biology Openers

     
All Materials © Cmassengale
Chapter 1 – Introduction
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8    #9  #10		 Chapter 16 – Speciation
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 34 – Animal Introduction
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10   
Chapter 2 – Chemistry
#1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		 Chapter 18 – Classification
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 35 – Sponges & Cnidarians
 #1   #2 #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 3 – Biochemistry
#1   #2  #3  #4  #5
 #6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Chapter 19 – Ecology
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Chapter 36 – Worms
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 4 – Cells
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		More Ecology
 #11   #12   #13  #14  #15
#16  #17  #18  #19  #20		 Chapter 37 – Mollusks & Annelids
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  
Chapter 5 – Homeostasis
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Chapter 21 – Community Ecology
#1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 38 – Arthropods
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10   
Chapter 6 – Photosynthesis
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 22 – Ecosystems
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Chapter 39 – Insects
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 7 – Cell Respiration
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10   		 Chapter 23 – Environment
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		 Chapter 40 – Echinoderms
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 38 – Chordates
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5 
Chapter 8 – Cell Reproduction
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 8 – Meiosis
#1  #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 24 – Bacteria
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10    		 Chapter 41 – Fish
 #1   #2 #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 9 – Genetics
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		Chapter 25 – Viruses
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Chapter 42 – Amphibians
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  
Chapter 10 – Nucleic acids
#1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		 Chapter 26 – Protists
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10   		 Chapter 43 – Reptiles
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10   
Chapter 11 – Genes
#1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		 Chapter 28 – Fungi
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Chapter 44 – Birds
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 12 – Human Genetics
#1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		 Chapter 30 – Plant Classification
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 45 – Mammals
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10
Chapter 13 – DNA Technology
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 31 – Plant Structure
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		OPENER ANSWER SHEET
Chapter 14 – Origin of Life
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Chapter 32 – Plant Reproduction
 #1   #2  #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10  		 Bright Ideas Template
Stopwatch Timer Template
Chapter 15 – Evolution
#1   #2    #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10 		Chapter 33 – Plant Responses
 #1   #2   #3  #4  #5
#6  #7  #8  #9  #10		 Computer Kid Template
Color Timer Template

 

 

PreAP Biology

 

 

Protist Study Guide B1

Protist Study Guide 

  1. What type of environment are slime molds found?
  2. Describe the body of a slime mold.
  3. What is so unusual about a euglena?
  4. Give main characteristics of Chlorophyta.
  5. How is quinine used?
  6. What plasmodium stage do mosquitoes inject into humans?
  7. Where are Autotrophic protists found?
  8. Where can algae be found?
  9. What are zoospores?
  10. Why are Bacillariophytes so important?
  11. List some specializations of algae.
  12. How do algae differ from other protists?
  13. Which type of algae is most like plants?
  14.  In what phylum are these algae placed?
  15. How do the sporophyte & gametophyte generations of protists differ?
  16. Name several characteristics used to identify algae.
  17. Name characteristics of all protozoa.
  18. Which type of protozoan serves as an energy source for other organisms in its environment?
  19. What insect spreads African sleeping sickness?
  20. What causes malaria?
  21. How do micronuclei & macronuclei differ genetically from each other?
  22. List human diseases caused by protists.
  23. What is conjugation?
  24. What protist uses pseudopodia & how are they used?
  25. What are cysts & why are they formed?

Protozoan

 

Protozoa
Animal like Protists
All Materials © Cmassengale

Characteristics:

  • Eukaryotes
  • Found in kingdom Protista
  • Most are unicellular
  • Heterotrophs that ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes
  • Classified by the way they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia…)

  • Microscopic in size
  • 65,000 identified species with almost half extinct
  • Found in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial habitats
  • Make up part of the zooplankton & serve as food for animals in marine & freshwater systems
  • First seen by Leeuwenhoek in 1675
  • Many species are free living
  • Some species are parasitic living in the bloodstream of their host & cause malaria, amebic dysentery, or giardiasis
  • Many serve as food for other organisms in aquatic habitats; called zooplankton

Reproduction:

  • All reproduce asexually by binary fission (single protozoan divides into two individuals)
  • Some species reproduce by multiple fission producing more than two individuals
  • Some species reproduce sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains join & exchange genetic material)

Adaptations:

  • Eyespots in some protozoans can detect changes in light

  • Many can form harden covering called cyst when conditions become unfavorable (no water, pH or temperature changes, nutrient deficiency, decreased oxygen supplies…)
  • Metabolic activity of protozoans resumes when conditions become favorable again
  • Some protozoans can detect & avoid obstacles and harmful chemicals in their environment
  • Freshwater protozoa have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water

Classification:

  • Divided into 4 phyla based on their method of movement — Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Zoomastigina, & Sporozoa
  • Found in the kingdom Protista along with algae, slime molds, & water molds
  • Sarcodinians move by extending their cytoplasm or pseudopodia (fingerlike projections of the cytoplasm)
  • Zooflagellates move by whip like flagella
  • Ciliophorans or ciliates move by hair like cilia move
  • Sporozoans are nonmotile

 

Phylum Common Name Locomotion Type of Nutrition Examples
Sarcodina sarcodines pseudopodia heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Amoeba
Radiolaria
Naegleria
Ciliophora ciliates cilia heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Paramecium
Tetrahymena
Balantidium
Zoomastigina zooflagellates flagella heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Giardia
Trichonympha
Sporozoa sporozoans (None in Adults) heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Plasmodium
Toxoplasma

 

 

Protozoan Evolution:

  • First eukaryotic organism thought to have evolved about 1.5 billion years ago
  • Protozoans possible evolved from the 1st eukaryotes by Endosymbiosis 
  •  Endosymbiosis – process where one prokaryote lives inside another becoming dependent upon each other

Phylum Sarcodina:

  • Includes hundreds of species of amebas
  • Found in freshwater, marine, & moist soil habitats
  •  Usually reproduce asexually
  • Their cytoplasm consists of clear, outer ectoplasm and granular, inner endoplasm
  • Move by extending cytoplasm (cytoplasmic streaming)
  • Cytoplasm extensions are called “false foot” or pseudopods
  • Pseudopods form when the inner cytoplasm or endoplasm pushes the outer cytoplasm or ectoplasm forward to make a blunt, armlike extension
  • Ameba move by cytoplasmic streaming to produce pseudopods; process called ameboid movement

  • Sarcodines also use their pseudopods for feeding by surrounding & engulfing food particles & other protists; called phagocytosis
  • Food is surrounded by a pseudopod & then this part of the cell membrane pinches together forming a food vacuole; called endocytosis
  • Cytoplasmic enzymes enter the food vacuole & digest the food
  • Undigested food & wastes leave by exocytosis

  • Most Sarcodinians have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water

  • Oxygen & carbon dioxide diffuse through the cell membrane
  • Sarcodinians may form hard, protective, inactive cysts when conditions become unfavorable (drought, lack of nutrients, heat…)
  • React to stimuli such as light
  •  Some Sarcodinians have hard shells called the test made of silica or calcium carbonate
  • Radiolarians found in warm, marine waters have a test made of silica & have sticky pseudopodia to trap food

  • Marine Foraminiferans have a test made of calcium carbonate with holes through which pseudopodia extend

  • Foraminiferan tests build up and form limestone or chalk (e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)
  • Important food source in marine habitats
  • Entameba histolytica cysts in untreated water supplies cause amebic dysentery which can be fatal

Phylum Ciliophora:

  • Called ciliates because they move by short, hairlike cilia lining the cell membrane
  • Cilia may be modified into teeth, paddles, or feet

  • Largest group of protozoans
  • Most found in freshwater, but some are marine
  •  Called plankton & serve as a food source
  •  Form protective cysts to survive unfavorable conditions
  • Members include the Paramecium, Vorticella,  & Stentor
  • Have 2 types of nuclei — smaller micronuclei & larger macronuclei
  • Macronucleus controls asexual reproduction by mitosis
  • Can reproduce sexually by conjugation (two paramecia join together & exchange DNA)
  • Gases diffuse across cell membrane

Stentor:

  • Trumpet shaped protozoan with cilia around the top
  • Attaches to feed & then detaches to swim around

Vorticella:

  • Cup shaped protozoan with cilia at the top
  •   Has a coiled stalk to raise & lower the organism
  • Can attach to surfaces

Paramecium caudatum:

  •  Slipper shaped protozoan found in freshwater

  • Clear, elastic covering of cell membrane called pellicle
  • Pellicle made of protein for protection
  • Use cilia to swim & obtain food (algae & bacteria)
  • Have 2 contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water
  •  Cilia sweep food into oral groove where mouth located at the bottom
  •  Food enters short tube called gullet into food vacuoles where it’s digested
  • Wastes leave through anal pore

  • Have trichocysts (tiny, toxic darts to help capture prey or anchor to a surface)
  •  Respond to light & learn by trial & error
  • Reproduce asexually by mitosis & sexually by conjugation

Phylum Zoomastigina:

  • Called Zooflagellates because have one or more whiplike flagella to move
  • Flagella made of bundles of microtubules

  • May be freshwater or marine
  • Some are parasites such as Trypanosoma that destroy red blood cells & causes fatal African sleeping sickness

  • Trichonympha lives symbiotically inside termites & digests cellulose

Phylum Sporozoa:

  • Adult sporozoans have no structures for movement
  • Form spores

  • Most are parasitic using one or more hosts
  • Immature sporozoans are called sporozoites & live in body fluids of hosts
  • Plasmodium is transmitted by mosquitoes & causes malaria
  • Plasmodium sporozoites enter the bloodstream, travel to the liver, divide & form spores called merozoites
  • Merozoites attack red blood cells & later form eggs & sperm that fertilize
  •  New sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands of mosquitoes where they can be passed on to another person
  • Malaria can be controlled by controlling mosquito populations & it is treated with a drug called quinine derived from the Cinchona Tree

 

 

Prefix & Suffix List

    Scientific Prefixes & Suffixes
           Notebook Copy        

 

Element
Definition
Element
Definition
a-
ab-
ad-
aero-
alveus
arthron-
atrium-
auto-
bacterio-
bi-
bio-
carnis-,carn-
chele-
chloro-
chroma-
-cide
con-
cytis-
-cyte, cyto-
dermis-, derm-
di-
ecto-
endo-
epi-
eu-
exo-
feto-
gastro-
-gen
geo-
gymno-
halo-
hemato-
hemi-
herb-
hetero-
histo-
homo-
hydro-
hyper-
hypo-
inter-
intra-
iso-
-itis
karyo-
leuco-
locus
-logy
lysis
macro-
maxilla
mensis
mesos-
meta-
micro-
mono-
morph-		 without
away from
near
air
cavity
joint
entrance room
self
bacteria
two
life
meat
claw
green
color
killer of
with
pouch
cell
skin
two
on the outside
inner, inside
upon
true
outside of
fetus
stomach
producing
earth
naked
salt
blood
half
plant
other
tissue
same, like
water
over
under
between
within
equal
infection
nucleus
white
place
study of
to loosen, break
large
jaw
month
middle
between
small
one
form		 multi-
mut-
myco-
neco-
neur-
nomen-
niga-
oculo-
oligo-
-oma
omni-
oo, ovum
osteo-
paleo-
ped, pod
peri-
pestis
phaeo-
phage-
-phore
photo-
-phyll
-phyte, phyto-
pino-
plankto-
poly-
pseudo-
primordis-
pro-
renes-
reptilis-
rhiza, rhizo-
rodere
sacchrum
sapros-
-scopy
soma-
sonus-
sperma-
spirare
-stasis
taxis
telo-
thallus
therm-
thrombos
trans-
tri-
tricho-
troph-
umbilicus
uni-
vasculum
vor-
xero-
zoo-, zoa-
zygon-		 many
to change
fungi
corpse
nerve
name
black
eye
few
tumor
all
egg
bone
old
foot
around
plague
brown
to eat
bearer
light
leaf
plant
to drink
drifting
many
false
original
first
kidney
crawling
root
to gnaw
sugar
rotten
observation
body
sound
seed
breathe
position
arrangement
end
green shoot
heat
clot
across
three
hair
feed
navel
one
vessel
to eat, devour
dry
animal
yoke

 

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